Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids

ABSTRACT

Provided are formulations, compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to modulate protein expression. Such compositions and methods include the delivery of biological moieties, and are useful for production of proteins.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/379,284, filed Dec. 14, 2016, entitled Delivery and Formulation ofEngineered Nucleic Acids, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/337,513, filed Jul. 22, 2014, entitled Deliveryand Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,362, filed May 18, 2013,entitled Modified Polynucleotides for the Production of Factor IX, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/437,034, filedApr. 2, 2012, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,200, entitled Delivery andFormulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/470,451, filed Mar. 31, 2011,entitled Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids thecontents, the contents of each is incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing inelectronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitledM003USSQLST.txt created on May 17, 2013 which is 17,058 bytes in size.The information in electronic format of the sequence listing isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to delivery methods. These methods arespecifically useful in therapeutic delivery of modified nucleic acidssuch as modified mRNA (mmRNA).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are multiple problems with prior methodologies of deliveringpharmaceutical compositions in order to achieve effective proteinexpression both for therapeutics and bioprocessing applications. Forexample, introduced DNA can integrate into host cell genomic DNA at somefrequency, resulting in alterations and/or damage to the host cellgenomic DNA. Alternatively, the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)introduced into a cell can be inherited by daughter cells (whether ornot the heterologous DNA has integrated into the chromosome) or byoffspring.

In addition, there are multiple steps which must occur after deliverybut before the encoded protein is made which can effect proteinexpression. Once inside the cell, DNA must be transported into thenucleus where it is transcribed into RNA. The RNA transcribed from DNAmust then enter the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. Notonly do the multiple processing steps from administered DNA to proteincreate lag times before the generation of the functional protein, eachstep represents an opportunity for error and damage to the cell.Further, it is known to be difficult to obtain DNA expression in cellsas frequently DNA enters a cell but is not expressed or not expressed atreasonable rates or concentrations. This can be a particular problemwhen DNA is introduced into primary cells or modified cell lines.

Assuming the proper management of the foregoing, effective delivery andachievement of therapeutically relevant levels of proteins for a timesufficient to product clinical outcomes remains a significant hurdle.

Consequently, there is a need in the art for the delivery of biologicalmodalities to address pitfalls surrounding the modulation ofintracellular translation and processing of nucleic acids encodingpolypeptides and therefore optimizing protein expression from thedelivered modalities.

The present invention addresses this need by delivering pharmaceuticalcompositions which can contain modified nucleic acids such as modifiedmRNA (mmRNA) and may further include formulations to avoid the problemsin the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compositions and methods for delivery of biologicalmoieties, such as modified nucleic acids, engineered messenger RNA andisolated polynucleotides into cells in order to modulate proteinexpression.

An isolated polynucleotide may comprise a sequence such as, but notlimited to, SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. The polynucleotide may furthercomprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a polyA tail of approximately 160nucleotides in length. Further, the isolated polynucleotide may beformulated in a pharmaceutical composition. A polypeptide of interestmay be produced in a cell, tissue or bodily fluid in a subject in needthereof by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may comprise a sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 7, 8 and 12. Thepolynucleotide may further comprise a 5′Cap1 structure and a poly-A tailof approximately 160 nucleotides in length.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated where the formulationmay be selected from, but is not limited to, saline or a lipidformulation. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by anyroute of administration such as, but not limited to, intravenous,intramuscular, subcutaneous, and local administration. The lipidformulation may be selected from, but is not limited to, such as, butnot limited to, liposomes, lipoplexes, copolymers such as PLGA and lipidnanoparticles

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered at a total dose ofabout 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg. The total dose may be administered bymultiple administrations. The administration and/or the multipleadministration may occur on a schedule such as, but not limited to,three time a day, twice a day, once a day, every other day, every thirdday, weekly, biweekly, every three weeks, every four weekly, andmonthly.

The modified polypeptide may include a polynucleotide modification suchas, but not limited to, a nucleoside modification. The nucleosidemodification may include, but is not limited to, pyridin-4-oneribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine,4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine,3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine,5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine,1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine,1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine,1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine,dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine,2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine,4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-cytidine,pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine,5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine,1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine,2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine,4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine,4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine,1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine,5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine,2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine,4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine,2-aminopurine, 2, 6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine,7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine,7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine,7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine,N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine,2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine,N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine,2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine,7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine, inosine,1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine,7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine,6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine,6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine,1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine,8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine,N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, andcombinations thereof.

An increase in the level of a polypeptide of interest can be observed intissue such as, but not limited to, the liver, spleen, kidney, lung,heart, peri-renal adipose tissue, thymus and muscle and/or in a bodilyfluid such as, but not limited to, peripheral blood, serum, plasma,ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow,synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk,broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid orpre-ejaculatory fluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid,pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle,bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions,mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids fromsinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, andumbilical cord blood. The increased level can be observed in the tissueand/or bodily fluid of the subject within 2, 8 and/or 24 hours afteradministration. Further, the increased level can be determined from thelevel of a modified polypeptide in an exosome.

The details of various embodiments of the invention are set forth in thedescription below. Other features, objects, and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the description and the drawings, andfrom the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates lipid structures in the prior art useful in thepresent invention. Shown are the structures for 98N12-5 (TETA5-LAP),DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA(2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane), DLin-KC2-DMA,DLin-MC3-DMA and C12-200.

FIG. 2 is a representative plasmid useful in the IVT reactions taughtherein. The plasmid contains Insert 64818, designed by the instantinventors.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are histograms showing in vitro screening results fornanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and afterpurification) that contain mCherry mmRNA. FIG. 3A shows the screeningresults in HEK293 cells and FIG. 3B shows the screening results in HepG2cells.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are histograms showing in vitro screening results formean fluorescence intensity for nanoparticle formulations ofDLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 (before and after purification) that containmCherry mmRNA. FIG. 4A shows the screening results in HEK293 cells andFIG. 4B shows the screening results in HepG2 cells.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are histograms showing in vitro screening resultsfor nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-15 before andafter purification. FIG. 5A shows the screening results of 98N15-2 inHEK293 cells, and FIGS. 5B and 5C shows the screening results ofDLin-KC2-DMA in HEK293 cells.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D are histograms showing in vitro screeningresults for nanoparticle formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA,DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 and DLin-MC3-DMA that contain mCherrymmRNA. FIG. 6A shows the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry inHEK293 cells containing 60 ng of modified mCherry mRNA per well. FIGS.6B and 6C show the mean fluorescence intensity of mCherry in HEK293cells which contained nanoparticles formulations having a concentrationof 62.5 ng/well of modified mCherry mRNA. FIGS. 6D and 6E show the meanfluorescence intensity of mCherry in HepG2 cells which containednanoparticle formulations having a concentration of 62.5 ng/well ofmodified mCherry mRNA.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are histograms showing in vivo screening results ofhuman erythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified humanerythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA in mice. FIG. 7A shows theconcentration in pg/ml of human erythropoietin after intramuscularadministration. FIG. 7B shows the concentration in pg/ml of humanerythropoietin after subcutaneous administration.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D are histograms of in vivo screening resultsfrom biophotoic imaging. FIG. 8A is a histogram of bioluminescence(photon/sec) from the intramuscular injection of 5 ug in the left hindleg. FIG. 8B is a histogram of bioluminescence from the intramuscularinjection of 50 ug in the right hind leg. FIG. 8C is a histogram showingin vivo screening results from biophotoic imaging after a subcutaneousinjection of 50 ug. FIG. 8D is a histogram showing in vivo screeningresults from biophotoic imaging after a administration of 50 ugintravenously.

FIG. 9 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modifiedhuman G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously orintravenously in mice.

FIG. 10 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results for modifiedG-CSF administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are histograms showing in vivo screening results ofmodified human G-CSF mmRNA administered intramuscularly orsubcutaneously in mice. FIG. 11A shows the concentration in pg/ml ofhuman G-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSFintramuscularly. FIG. 11B shows the concentration in pg/ml of humanG-CSF in serum after the administration of modified G-CSFsubcutaneously.

FIG. 12 is a histogram showing in vivo screening results of humanerythropoietin in serum after the administration of modified humanerythropoietin mmRNA or luciferase mmRNA administered intramuscularly inmice.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as those commonly understood to one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this invention pertains.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are compositions and methods for the delivery ofmodified mRNA molecules in order to modulate protein expression.

As described herein and as in copending, co-owned applicationsInternational Application PCT/US2011/046861 filed Aug. 5, 2011 andPCT/US2011/054636 filed Oct. 3, 2011, the contents of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety, these modifiednucleic acid molecules are capable of reducing the innate immuneactivity of a population of cells into which they are introduced, thusincreasing the efficiency of protein production in that cell population.

Modified mRNAs (mmRNAs)

This invention provides nucleic acids, including RNAs, specificallymRNAs, that encode at least one polypeptide and contain one or moremodified nucleosides (termed “modified nucleic acids” or “modifiednucleic acid molecules” or “engineered nucleic acids”), which haveuseful properties including the lack of a substantial induction of theinnate immune response of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced.Because these mmRNAs enhance the efficiency of protein production,intracellular retention of nucleic acids, and viability of contactedcells, as well as possess reduced immunogenicity, these nucleic acidshaving these properties are termed “enhanced” nucleic acids or modifiedRNAs herein.

The term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, includes any compoundand/or substance that comprise a polymer of nucleotides linked via aphosphodiester bond. These polymers are often referred to asoligonucleotides.

Exemplary nucleic acids include ribonucleic acids (RNAs),deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycolnucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids(LNAs) or hybrids thereof. They may also include RNAi-inducing agents,RNAi agents, siRNAs, shRNAs, miRNAs, antisense RNAs, ribozymes,catalytic DNA, tRNA, RNAs that induce triple helix formation, aptamers,vectors, etc.

In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid is one or more modifiedmessenger RNAs (mmRNAs). As described herein, in some embodiments themmRNAs of the invention do not substantially induce an innate immuneresponse of a cell into which the mRNA is introduced.

The mmRNA of the present invention may encode one or more polypeptides.Generally the polypeptides of interest are those which are naturallyoccurring in the mammalian genome.

According to the present invention, the shortest length of a modifiedmRNA, herein “mmRNA,” of the present disclosure can be the length of anmRNA sequence that may be sufficient to encode for a dipeptide. Inanother embodiment, the length of the mRNA sequence may be sufficient toencode for a tripeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNAsequence may be sufficient to encode for a tetrapeptide. In anotherembodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encodefor a pentapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNAsequence may be sufficient to encode for a hexapeptide. In anotherembodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encodefor a heptapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNAsequence may be sufficient to encode for an octapeptide. In anotherembodiment, the length of an mRNA sequence may be sufficient to encodefor a nonapeptide. In another embodiment, the length of an mRNA sequencemay be sufficient to encode for a decapeptide.

Generally, the length of a modified mRNA of the present invention isgreater than about 30 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least or greaterthan about 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180,200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100,1,200, 1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, 1,900, 2,000, 2,500,and 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 20,000,30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000 or up to andincluding 100,000 nucleotides).

In some embodiments, the modified mRNA of the present invention includesfrom about 30 to about 100,000 nucleotides (e.g., from 30 to 50, from 30to 100, from 30 to 250, from 30 to 500, from 30 to 1,000, from 30 to1,500, from 30 to 3,000, from 30 to 5,000, from 30 to 7,000, from 30 to10,000, from 30 to 25,000, from 30 to 50,000, from 30 to 70,000, from100 to 250, from 100 to 500, from 100 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,500, from100 to 3,000, from 100 to 5,000, from 100 to 7,000, from 100 to 10,000,from 100 to 25,000, from 100 to 50,000, from 100 to 70,000, from 100 to100,000, from 500 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,500, from 500 to 2,000, from500 to 3,000, from 500 to 5,000, from 500 to 7,000, from 500 to 10,000,from 500 to 25,000, from 500 to 50,000, from 500 to 70,000, from 500 to100,000, from 1,000 to 1,500, from 1,000 to 2,000, from 1,000 to 3,000,from 1,000 to 5,000, from 1,000 to 7,000, from 1,000 to 10,000, from1,000 to 25,000, from 1,000 to 50,000, from 1,000 to 70,000, from 1,000to 100,000, from 1,500 to 3,000, from 1,500 to 5,000, from 1,500 to7,000, from 1,500 to 10,000, from 1,500 to 25,000, from 1,500 to 50,000,from 1,500 to 70,000, from 1,500 to 100,000, from 2,000 to 3,000, from2,000 to 5,000, from 2,000 to 7,000, from 2,000 to 10,000, from 2,000 to25,000, from 2,000 to 50,000, from 2,000 to 70,000, and from 2,000 to100,000).

Polypeptide Variants

The mmRNA of the present invention may encode variant polypeptides,which have a certain identity with a reference polypeptide sequence, forexample a wild type mRNA. The term “identity” as known in the art,refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more peptides,as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” alsomeans the degree of sequence relatedness between peptides, as determinedby the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acidresidues. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches betweenthe smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any)addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e.,“algorithms”). Identity of related peptides can be readily calculated byknown methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, thosedescribed in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., OxfordUniversity Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and GenomeProjects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; ComputerAnalysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G.,eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in MolecularBiology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer,Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991;and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48, 1073 (1988).

In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant has the same or a similaractivity as the reference polypeptide. Alternatively, the variant has analtered activity (e.g., increased or decreased) relative to a referencepolypeptide. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide orpolypeptide of the invention will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular referencepolynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignmentprograms and parameters described herein and known to those skilled inthe art.

As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functionalprotein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to bewithin the scope of this invention. For example, provided herein is anyprotein fragment of a reference protein (meaning a polypeptide sequenceat least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference polypeptidesequence but otherwise identical) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100 or greater than 100 amino acids in length In another example, anyprotein that includes a stretch of about 20, about 30, about 40, about50, or about 100 amino acids which are about 40%, about 50%, about 60%,about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100% identical toany of the sequences described herein can be utilized in accordance withthe invention. In certain embodiments, a protein sequence to be utilizedin accordance with the invention includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ormore mutations as shown in any of the sequences provided or referencedherein.

Targeting Moieties

In embodiments of the invention, mmRNAs are provided to express aprotein-binding partner or a receptor on the surface of the cell, whichfunctions to target the cell to a specific tissue space or to interactwith a specific moiety, either in vivo or in vitro. Suitableprotein-binding partners include antibodies and functional fragmentsthereof, scaffold proteins, or peptides.

Cell Penetrating Peptides

The mmRNAs disclosed herein may encode a cell-penetrating polypeptide.As used herein, “cell-penetrating polypeptide” refers to a polypeptidewhich may facilitate the cellular uptake of molecules. It is known inthe art that “CPP” refers to cell-penetration polypeptides andcell-penetrating peptides. When used herein, it will be clarified as towhich of either cell-penetrating polypeptides or cell-penetratingpeptides the abbreviation CPP refers to.

A cell-penetrating polypeptide of the present invention may contain oneor more detectable labels. The polypeptides may be partially labeled orcompletely labeled throughout. The mmRNA may encode the detectable labelcompletely, partially or not at all. The cell-penetrating peptide mayalso include a signal sequence. As used herein, a “signal sequence”refers to a sequence of amino acid residues bound at the amino terminusof a nascent protein during protein translation. The signal sequence maybe used to signal the secretion of the cell-penetrating polypeptide.

Fusion Proteins

The modified nucleic acids and mmRNA may encode a fusion protein. Thefusion protein may be created by operably linking a charged protein to atherapeutic protein. As used herein, “operably linked” refers to thetherapeutic protein and the charged protein being connected in such away to permit the expression of the complex when introduced into thecell. As used herein, “charged protein” refers to a protein that carriesa positive, negative or overall neutral electrical charge. Preferably,the therapeutic protein may be covalently linked to the charged proteinin the formation of the fusion protein. The ratio of surface charge tototal or surface amino acids may be approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9.

Synthesis of Modified mRNAs

Nucleic acids for use in accordance with the invention may be preparedaccording to any available technique including, but not limited tochemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, which is generally termed invitro transcription, enzymatic or chemical cleavage of a longerprecursor, etc. Methods of synthesizing RNAs are known in the art (see,e.g., Gait, M. J. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: a practical approach,Oxford [Oxfordshire], Washington, D.C.: IRL Press, 1984; and Herdewijn,P. (ed.) Oligonucleotide synthesis: methods and applications, Methods inMolecular Biology, v. 288 (Clifton, N.J.) Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press,2005; both of which are incorporated herein by reference).

The modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in the synthesis ofmodified RNAs disclosed herein can be prepared from readily availablestarting materials using the following general methods and procedures.It is understood that where typical or preferred process conditions(i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents,pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be usedunless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with theparticular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can bedetermined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

The manufacturing process herein can be monitored according to anysuitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can bemonitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry(e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such ashigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layerchromatography.

Modification of mRNAs

Provided are mmRNAs containing a translatable region and one, two, ormore than two different modifications.

In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on thenucleobase of the nucleotide.

In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on thesugar moiety of the nucleotide.

In some embodiments, the chemical modifications can be located on thephosphate backbone of the nucleotide.

Preparation of modified nucleosides and nucleotides used in themanufacture or synthesis of modified RNAs of the present invention caninvolve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. Theneed for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriateprotecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene,et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons,1991, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Modified nucleosides and nucleotides can be prepared according to thesynthetic methods described in Ogata et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry74:2585-2588, 2009; Purmal et al. Nucleic Acids Research 22(1): 72-78,1994; Fukuhara et al. Biochemistry 1(4): 563-568, 1962; and Xu et al.Tetrahedron 48(9): 1729-1740, 1992, each of which are incorporated byreference in their entirety.

Modified mRNAs need not be uniformly modified along the entire length ofthe molecule. Different nucleotide modifications and/or backbonestructures may exist at various positions in the nucleic acid. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the nucleotide analogs orother modification(s) may be located at any position(s) of a nucleicacid such that the function of the nucleic acid is not substantiallydecreased. A modification may also be a 5′ or 3′ terminal modification.The nucleic acids may contain at a minimum one and at maximum 100%modified nucleotides, or any intervening percentage, such as at least50% modified nucleotides, at least 80% modified nucleotides, or at least90% modified nucleotides.

For example, the mmRNAs may contain a modified pyrimidine such as uracilor cytosine. In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least25%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the uracil inthe nucleic acid may be replaced with a modified uracil. The modifieduracil can be replaced by a compound having a single unique structure,or can be replaced by a plurality of compounds having differentstructures (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more unique structures). In someembodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, atleast 80%, at least 90% or 100% of the cytosine in the nucleic acid maybe replaced with a modified cytosine. The modified cytosine can bereplaced by a compound having a single unique structure, or can bereplaced by a plurality of compounds having different structures (e.g.,2, 3, 4 or more unique structures).

In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-oneribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine,4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine,3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine,5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine,1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine,1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine,1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine,dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine,2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine,4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine. In someembodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine,pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine,5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine,1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine,2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine,4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine,4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine,1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine,5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine,2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine,4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine.

In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine,7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine,7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine,1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine,N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine,2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine,N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine,2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine,7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine.

In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine,1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine,7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine,6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine,6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine,1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine,8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine,N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine.

In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major grooveface and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methylgroup or a halo group.

In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine,5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine.

Further examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotidecombinations are provided below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Modified Nucleotides Modified Nucleotide Combinations6-aza-cytidine α-thio-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine 2-thio-cytidineα-thio-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine α-thio-cytidineα-thio-cytidine/α-thio-uridine Pseudo-iso-cytidineα-thio-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine 5-aminoallyl-uridineα-thio-cytidine/pseudo-uridine 5-iodo-uridinePseudo-iso-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine N1-methyl-pseudouridinePseudo-iso-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo- uridine 5,6-dihydrouridinePseudo-iso-cytidine/α-thio-uridine α-thio-uridinePseudo-iso-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine 4-thio-uridinePseudo-iso-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine 6-aza-uridine Pyrrolo-cytidine5-hydroxy-uridine Pyrrolo-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine Deoxy-thymidinePyrrolo-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine Pseudo-uridinePyrrolo-cytidine/α-thio-uridine InosinePyrrolo-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine α-thio-guanosinePyrrolo-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine 8-oxo-guanosine5-methyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine O6-methyl-guanosine5-methyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine 7-deaza-guanosine5-methyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine No modification5-methyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine N1-methyl-adenosine5-methyl-cytidine/Pseudo-uridine 2-amino-6-Chloro-purine5-methyl-cytidine N6-methyl-2-amino-purine 25% Pseudo-iso-cytidine6-Chloro-purine 25% N1-methyl-pseudo-uridine N6-methyl-adenosine 25%N1-Methyl-pseudo-uridine/75%- pseudo-uridine α-thio-adenosine5-methyl-uridine 8-azido-adenosine 5-iodo-cytidine 7-deaza-adenosine

In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines are replaced by acompound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%,at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at leastabout 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%,at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at leastabout 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).

In some embodiments, at least 25% of the uracils are replaced by acompound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about 30%, at least about 35%,at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at leastabout 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%,at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at leastabout 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).

In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cytosines and 25% of theuracils are replaced by a compound of Formula I-a (e.g., at least about30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, atleast about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%).

Other components of nucleic acid are optional, and are beneficial insome embodiments. For example, a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and/or a3′UTR are provided, wherein either or both may independently contain oneor more different nucleoside modifications. In such embodiments,nucleoside modifications may also be present in the translatable region.Also provided are nucleic acids containing a Kozak sequence.

Linkers and Payloads

The nucleobase of the nucleotide, which may be incorporated into ammRNA, can be covalently linked at any chemically appropriate positionto a payload, e.g. detectable agent or therapeutic agent. For example,the nucleobase can be deaza-adenosine or deaza-guanosine and the linkercan be attached at the C-7 or C-8 positions of the deaza-adenosine ordeaza-guanosine. In other embodiments, the nucleobase can be cytosine oruracil and the linker can be attached to the N-3 or C-5 positions ofcytosine or uracil.

Linker

The term “linker” as used herein refers to a group of atoms, e.g.,10-1,000 atoms, and can be comprised of the atoms or groups such as, butnot limited to, carbon, amino, alkylamino, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide,sulfonyl, carbonyl, and imine. The linker can be attached to a modifiednucleoside or nucleotide on the nucleobase or sugar moiety at a firstend, and to a payload, e.g., detectable or therapeutic agent, at asecond end. The linker may be of sufficient length as to not interferewith incorporation into a nucleic acid sequence.

Examples of chemical groups that can be incorporated into the linkerinclude, but are not limited to, an alkyl, an alkene, an alkyne, anamido, an ether, a thioether or an ester group. The linker chain canalso comprise part of a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring,including polycyclic and heteroaromatic rings wherein the heteroaromaticring may be an aryl group containing one to four heteroatoms, N, O or S.Specific examples of linkers include, but are not limited to,unsaturated alkanes, polyethylene glycols, and dextran polymers.

For example, the linker can include, but is not limited to, ethylene orpropylene glycol monomeric units, e.g., diethylene glycol, dipropyleneglycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol,or tetraethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the linker can include,but is not limited to, a divalent alkyl, alkenyl, and/or alkynyl moiety.The linker can include an ester, amide, or ether moiety.

Other examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable moietieswithin the linker, such as, for example, a disulfide bond (—S—S—) or anazo bond (—N═N—), which can be cleaved using a reducing agent orphotolysis. When a cleavable bond which has been incorporated into thelinker and attached to a modified nucleotide, is cleaved, a short “scar”or chemical modification on the nucleotide may result. For example,after cleaving, the resulting scar on a nucleotide base, which formedpart of the modified nucleotide, and is incorporated into apolynucleotide strand, is unreactive and does not need to be chemicallyneutralized. This increases the ease with which a subsequent nucleotidecan be incorporated during sequencing of a nucleic acid polymertemplate. For example, conditions include the use oftris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol (DTT) and/or otherreducing agents for cleavage of a disulfide bond. A selectivelyseverable bond that includes an amido bond can be cleaved for example bythe use of TCEP or other reducing agents, and/or photolysis. Aselectively severable bond that includes an ester bond can be cleavedfor example by acidic or basic hydrolysis.

Detectable Agents

The mmRNAs of the present invention may also be linked or conjugated toone or more detectable agents. Examples of detectable substancesinclude, but are not limited to, various organic small molecules,inorganic compounds, nanoparticles, enzymes or enzyme substrates,fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials,chemiluminescent materials, radioactive materials, and contrast agents.

Labels, other than those described herein, are contemplated by thepresent disclosure, including, but not limited to, otheroptically-detectable labels. Labels can be attached to the modifiednucleotide of the present disclosure at any position using standardchemistries such that the label can be removed from the incorporatedbase upon cleavage of the cleavable linker.

Terminal Architecture Modifications: 5′-Capping

Endogenous eukaryotic cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain a5′-cap structure on the 5′-end of a mature mRNA molecule. The 5′-capcontains a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-most nucleotide andguanine nucleotide. The conjugated guanine nucleotide is methylated atthe N7 position. Additional modifications include methylation of theultimate and penultimate most 5′-nucleotides on the 2′-hydroxyl group.The 5′-cap structure is responsible for binding the mRNA Cap BindingProtein (CBP), which is responsibility for mRNA stability in the celland translation competency.

Multiple distinct 5′-cap structures can be used to generate the 5′-capof a synthetic mRNA molecule. Many chemical cap analogs are used toco-transcriptionally cap a synthetic mRNA molecule. For example, theAnti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains a 5′-5′-triphosphateguanine-guanine linkage where one guanine contains an N7 methyl group aswell as a 3′-O-methyl group. While chemical cap analogs allow for theconcomitant capping of an RNA molecule, up 20% of transcripts remainuncapped and the synthetic cap analog is not identical to an endogenous5′-cap structure of an authentic cellular mRNA. This may lead to reducedtranslationally-competency and reduced cellular stability.

Synthetic mRNA molecules may also be capped post-transcriptionally usingenzymes responsible for generating a more authentic 5′-cap structure. Asused herein the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature that closelymirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally an endogenous orwild type feature. More authentic 5′-cap structures of the presentinvention are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding ofcap binding proteins, increased half life, reduced susceptibility to 5′endonucleases and/or reduced 5′decapping. For example, recombinantVaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferaseenzyme can create a canonical 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the5′-most nucleotide of an mRNA and a guanine nucleotide where the guaninecontains an N7 methylation and the ultimate 5′-nucleotide contains a2′-O-methyl generating the Cap1 structure. This results in a cap withhigher translational-competency and cellular stability and reducedactivation of cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines. Because the syntheticmRNA is capped post-transcriptionally, nearly 100% of the mRNA moleculesare capped in contrast to ˜80% of synthetic mRNAs containing a chemicalcap analog.

Terminal Architecture Modifications: Poly-A Tails

During RNA processing, a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail)is normally added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to increase thestability of the molecule. Immediately after transcription, the 3′ endof the transcript is cleaved to free a 3′ hydroxyl. Then poly-Apolymerase adds a chain of adenine nucleotides to the RNA. The process,called polyadenylation, adds a poly-A tail that is between 100 and 250residues long.

It has been discovered that unique poly-A tail lengths provide certainadvantages to the modified RNAs of the present invention.

Generally, the length of a poly-A tail of the present invention isgreater than 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-Atail is greater than 35 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment,the length is at least 40 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the lengthis at least 45 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is atleast 55 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 60nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 80nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 90nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 100nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 120nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 140nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 160nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 180nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 200nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 250nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 300nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 350nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 400nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 450nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 500nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 600nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 700nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 800nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 900nucleotides. In another embodiment, the length is at least 1000nucleotides.

In one embodiment, the poly-A tail is designed relative to the length ofthe overall modified RNA molecule. This design may be based on thelength of the coding region of the modified RNA, the length of aparticular feature or region of the modified RNA (such as the mRNA), orbased on the length of the ultimate product expressed from the modifiedRNA. In this context the poly-A tail may be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90 or 100% greater in length than the modified RNA or featurethereof. The poly-A tail may also be designed as a fraction of themodified RNA to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A tail maybe 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the total length ofthe construct or the total length of the construct minus the poly-Atail.

Use of Modified mRNAs

The mmRNAs of the present invention may find uses in many areas ofresearch, discovery, therapeutics, diagnostics and in kits and devices.

Therapeutics

The mmRNAs (modified RNAs) and the proteins translated from the mmRNAsdescribed herein can be used as therapeutic agents. For example, anmmRNA described herein can be administered to a subject, wherein themmRNA is translated in vivo to produce a therapeutic polypeptide in thesubject. Provided are compositions, methods, kits, and reagents fortreatment or prevention of disease or conditions in humans and othermammals. The active therapeutic agents of the invention include mmRNAs,cells containing mmRNAs or polypeptides translated from the mmRNAs,polypeptides translated from mmRNAs.

Provided herein are methods of inducing translation of a recombinantpolypeptide in a cell population using the mmRNAs described herein. Suchtranslation can be in vivo, ex vivo, in culture, or in vitro. The cellpopulation is contacted with an effective amount of a compositioncontaining a mmRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification, and atranslatable region encoding the recombinant polypeptide. The populationis contacted under conditions such that the mmRNA is localized into oneor more cells of the cell population and the recombinant polypeptide istranslated in the cell from the nucleic acid.

An effective amount of the composition is provided based, at least inpart, on the target tissue, target cell type, means of administration,physical characteristics of the nucleic acid (e.g., size, and extent ofmodified nucleosides), and other determinants. In general, an effectiveamount of the composition provides efficient protein production in thecell, preferably more efficient than a composition containing acorresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Increased efficiency may bedemonstrated by increased cell transfection (i.e., the percentage ofcells transfected with the nucleic acid), increased protein translationfrom the nucleic acid, decreased nucleic acid degradation (asdemonstrated, e.g., by increased duration of protein translation from ammRNA), or reduced innate immune response of the host cell.

Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of inducing in vivotranslation of a recombinant polypeptide in a mammalian subject in needthereof. Therein, an effective amount of a composition containing ammRNA that has at least one nucleoside modification and a translatableregion encoding the recombinant polypeptide is administered to thesubject using the delivery methods and split dosing regimens describedherein. The mmRNA is provided in an amount and under other conditionssuch that the nucleic acid is localized into a cell of the subject andthe recombinant polypeptide is translated in the cell from the mmRNA.The cell in which the mmRNA is localized, or the tissue in which thecell is present, may be targeted with one or more than one rounds ofmmRNA administration.

The subject to whom the therapeutic agent is administered suffers fromor is at risk of developing a disease, disorder, or deleteriouscondition. Provided are methods of identifying, diagnosing, andclassifying subjects on these bases, which may include clinicaldiagnosis, biomarker levels, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), andother methods known in the art.

In certain embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of oneor more recombinant polypeptides that provide a functional activitywhich is substantially absent in the cell in which the recombinantpolypeptide is translated. For example, the missing functional activitymay be enzymatic, structural, or gene regulatory in nature. In relatedembodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of one or morerecombinant polypeptides that increases (e.g., synergistically) afunctional activity which is present but substantially deficient in thecell in which the recombinant polypeptide is translated.

In other embodiments, the administered mmRNA directs production of oneor more recombinant polypeptides that replace a polypeptide (or multiplepolypeptides) that is substantially absent in the cell in which therecombinant polypeptide is translated. Such absence may be due togenetic mutation of the encoding gene or regulatory pathway thereof. Insome embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide increases the level of anendogenous protein in the cell to a desirable level; such an increasemay bring the level of the endogenous protein from a subnormal level toa normal level or from a normal level to a super-normal level.

Alternatively, the recombinant polypeptide functions to antagonize theactivity of an endogenous protein present in, on the surface of, orsecreted from the cell. Usually, the activity of the endogenous proteinis deleterious to the subject; for example, do to mutation of theendogenous protein resulting in altered activity or localization.Additionally, the recombinant polypeptide antagonizes, directly orindirectly, the activity of a biological moiety present in, on thesurface of, or secreted from the cell. Examples of antagonizedbiological moieties include lipids (e.g., cholesterol), a lipoprotein(e.g., low density lipoprotein), a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, aprotein toxin such as shiga and tetanus toxins, or a small moleculetoxin such as botulinum, cholera, and diphtheria toxins. Additionally,the antagonized biological molecule may be an endogenous protein thatexhibits an undesirable activity, such as a cytotoxic or cytostaticactivity.

The polypeptides encoded by the mmRNA described herein are engineeredfor localization within the cell, potentially within a specificcompartment such as the nucleus, or are engineered for secretion fromthe cell or translocation to the plasma membrane of the cell.

In one embodiment of the invention are bifunctional mmRNA. As the nameimplies, bifunctional mmRNA are those having or capable of at least twofunctions.

The multiple functionalities of bifunctional mmRNAs may be encoded bythe mRNA (the function may not manifest until the encoded product istranslated) or may be a property of the RNA itself. It may be structuralor chemical. Bifunctional modified RNAs may comprise a function that iscovalently associated with the RNA or electrostatically associated.

In some embodiments, modified mRNAs and their encoded polypeptides inaccordance with the present invention may be used for treatment of anyof a variety of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions, including butnot limited to one or more of the following: autoimmune disorders (e.g.diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis);inflammatory disorders (e.g. arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease);infectious diseases (e.g. viral infections (e.g., HIV, HCV, RSV),bacterial infections, fungal infections, sepsis); neurological disorders(e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease; autism; Duchennemuscular dystrophy); cardiovascular disorders (e.g. atherosclerosis,hypercholesterolemia, thrombosis, clotting disorders, angiogenicdisorders such as macular degeneration); proliferative disorders (e.g.cancer, benign neoplasms); respiratory disorders (e.g. chronicobstructive pulmonary disease); digestive disorders (e.g. inflammatorybowel disease, ulcers); musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. fibromyalgia,arthritis); endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders (e.g.diabetes, osteoporosis); urological disorders (e.g. renal disease);psychological disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia); skin disorders(e.g. wounds, eczema); blood and lymphatic disorders (e.g. anemia,hemophilia); etc.

Avoidance of the Innate Immune Response

The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response toexogenous single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterialorigin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release,particularly the interferons, and cell death. Protein synthesis is alsoreduced during the innate cellular immune response. While it isadvantageous to eliminate the innate immune response in a cell, theinvention provides modified mRNAs that substantially reduce the immuneresponse, including interferon signaling, without entirely eliminatingsuch a response. In some embodiments, the immune response is reduced by10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, or greaterthan 99.9% as compared to the immune response induced by a correspondingunmodified nucleic acid. Such a reduction can be measured by expressionor activity level of Type 1 interferons or the expression ofinterferon-regulated genes such as the toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR7and TLR8). Reduction of innate immune response can also be measured bydecreased cell death following one or more administrations of modifiedRNAs to a cell population; e.g., cell death is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%,90%, 95%, or over 95% less than the cell death frequency observed with acorresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Moreover, cell death may affectfewer than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% or fewer than0.01% of cells contacted with the mmRNAs.

The invention provides therapeutic methods for the repeated introduction(e.g., transfection) of mmRNAs into a target cell population, e.g., invitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. The step of contacting the cell populationmay be repeated one or more times (such as two, three, four, five ormore than five times). In some embodiments, the step of contacting thecell population with the mmRNAs is repeated a number of times sufficientsuch that a predetermined efficiency of protein translation in the cellpopulation is achieved. Given the reduced cytotoxicity of the targetcell population provided by the nucleic acid modifications, suchrepeated transfections are achievable in a diverse array of cell types.

Protein Production

The methods provided herein are useful for enhancing protein productyield in a cell culture process. In a cell culture containing aplurality of host cells, introduction of the modified mRNAs describedherein results in increased protein production efficiency relative to acorresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Such increased protein productionefficiency can be demonstrated, e.g., by showing increased celltransfection, increased protein translation from the nucleic acid,decreased nucleic acid degradation, and/or reduced innate immuneresponse of the host cell. Protein production can be measured by ELISA,and protein activity can be measured by various functional assays knownin the art. The protein production may be generated in a continuous or afed-batch mammalian process.

Additionally, it is useful to optimize the expression of a specificpolypeptide in a cell line or collection of cell lines of potentialinterest, particularly an engineered protein such as a protein variantof a reference protein having a known activity. In one embodiment,provided is a method of optimizing expression of an engineered proteinin a target cell, by providing a plurality of target cell types, andindependently contacting with each of the plurality of target cell typesa modified mRNA encoding an engineered polypeptide. Additionally,culture conditions may be altered to increase protein productionefficiency. Subsequently, the presence and/or level of the engineeredpolypeptide in the plurality of target cell types is detected and/orquantitated, allowing for the optimization of an engineeredpolypeptide's expression by selection of an efficient target cell andcell culture conditions relating thereto. Such methods are particularlyuseful when the engineered polypeptide contains one or morepost-translational modifications or has substantial tertiary structure,situations which often complicate efficient protein production.

Gene Silencing

The modified mRNAs described herein are useful to silence (i.e., preventor substantially reduce) expression of one or more target genes in acell population. A modified mRNA encoding a polypeptide capable ofdirecting sequence-specific histone H3 methylation is introduced intothe cells in the population under conditions such that the polypeptideis translated and reduces gene transcription of a target gene viahistone H3 methylation and subsequent heterochromatin formation. In someembodiments, the silencing mechanism is performed on a cell populationpresent in a mammalian subject. By way of non-limiting example, a usefultarget gene is a mutated Janus Kinase-2 family member, wherein themammalian subject expresses the mutant target gene suffers from amyeloproliferative disease resulting from aberrant kinase activity.

Co-administration of modified mRNAs and siRNAs are also provided herein.As demonstrated in yeast, sequence-specific trans silencing is aneffective mechanism for altering cell function. Fission yeast requiretwo RNAi complexes for siRNA-mediated heterochromatin assembly: theRNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex and theRNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) (Motamedi et al. Cell 2004,119, 789-802). In fission yeast, the RITS complex contains the siRNAbinding Argonaute family protein Ago1, a chromodomain protein Chp1, andTas3. The fission yeast RDRC complex is composed of an RNA-dependent RNAPolymerase Rdp1, a putative RNA helicase Hrr1, and a polyA polymerasefamily protein Cid12. These two complexes require the Dicer ribonucleaseand Clr4 histone H3 methyltransferase for activity. Together, Ago 1binds siRNA molecules generated through Dicer-mediated cleavage of Rdp1co-transcriptionally generated dsRNA transcripts and allows for thesequence-specific direct association of Chp1, Tas3, Hrr1, and Clr4 toregions of DNA destined for methylation and histone modification andsubsequent compaction into transcriptionally silenced heterochromatin.While this mechanism functions in cis- with centromeric regions of DNA,sequence-specific trans silencing is possible through co-transfectionwith double-stranded siRNAs for specific regions of DNA and concomitantRNAi-directed silencing of the siRNA ribonuclease Eril (Buhler et al.Cell 2006, 125, 873-886).

Modulation of Biological Pathways

The rapid translation of modified mRNAs introduced into cells provides adesirable mechanism of modulating target biological pathways. Suchmodulation includes antagonism or agonism of a given pathway. In oneembodiment, a method is provided for antagonizing a biological pathwayin a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of acomposition comprising a modified nucleic acid encoding a recombinantpolypeptide, under conditions such that the nucleic acid is localizedinto the cell and the recombinant polypeptide is capable of beingtranslated in the cell from the nucleic acid, wherein the recombinantpolypeptide inhibits the activity of a polypeptide functional in thebiological pathway. Exemplary biological pathways are those defective inan autoimmune or inflammatory disorder such as multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, ankylosingspondylitis colitis, or Crohn's disease; in particular, antagonism ofthe IL-12 and IL-23 signaling pathways are of particular utility. (SeeKikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick J D (2006) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 (6):670-5).

Further, provided are modified nucleic acids encoding an antagonist forchemokine receptors; chemokine receptors CXCR-4 and CCR-5 are requiredfor, e.g., HIV entry into host cells (et al, (1996) October 3;383(6599):400).

Alternatively, provided are methods of agonizing a biological pathway ina cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a modifiednucleic acid encoding a recombinant polypeptide under conditions suchthat the nucleic acid is localized into the cell and the recombinantpolypeptide is capable of being translated in the cell from the nucleicacid, and the recombinant polypeptide induces the activity of apolypeptide functional in the biological pathway. Exemplary agonizedbiological pathways include pathways that modulate cell fatedetermination. Such agonization is reversible or, alternatively,irreversible.

Cellular Nucleic Acid Delivery

Methods of the present invention enhance nucleic acid delivery into acell population, in vivo, ex vivo, or in culture. For example, a cellculture containing a plurality of host cells (e.g., eukaryotic cellssuch as yeast or mammalian cells) is contacted with a composition thatcontains an enhanced nucleic acid having at least one nucleosidemodification and, optionally, a translatable region. The compositionalso generally contains a transfection reagent or other compound thatincreases the efficiency of enhanced nucleic acid uptake into the hostcells. The enhanced nucleic acid exhibits enhanced retention in the cellpopulation, relative to a corresponding unmodified nucleic acid. Theretention of the enhanced nucleic acid is greater than the retention ofthe unmodified nucleic acid. In some embodiments, it is at least about50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200% or more than 200% greater than theretention of the unmodified nucleic acid. Such retention advantage maybe achieved by one round of transfection with the enhanced nucleic acid,or may be obtained following repeated rounds of transfection.

In some embodiments, the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered to a targetcell population with one or more additional nucleic acids. Such deliverymay be at the same time, or the enhanced nucleic acid is delivered priorto delivery of the one or more additional nucleic acids. The additionalone or more nucleic acids may be modified nucleic acids or unmodifiednucleic acids. It is understood that the initial presence of theenhanced nucleic acids does not substantially induce an innate immuneresponse of the cell population and, moreover, that the innate immuneresponse will not be activated by the later presence of the unmodifiednucleic acids. In this regard, the enhanced nucleic acid may not itselfcontain a translatable region, if the protein desired to be present inthe target cell population is translated from the unmodified nucleicacids.

Expression of Ligand or Receptor on Cell Surface

In some aspects and embodiments of the aspects described herein, themodified RNAs can be used to express a ligand or ligand receptor on thesurface of a cell (e.g., a homing moiety). A ligand or ligand receptormoiety attached to a cell surface can permit the cell to have a desiredbiological interaction with a tissue or an agent in vivo. A ligand canbe an antibody, an antibody fragment, an aptamer, a peptide, a vitamin,a carbohydrate, a protein or polypeptide, a receptor, e.g., cell-surfacereceptor, an adhesion molecule, a glycoprotein, a sugar residue, atherapeutic agent, a drug, a glycosaminoglycan, or any combinationthereof. For example, a ligand can be an antibody that recognizes acancer-cell specific antigen, rendering the cell capable ofpreferentially interacting with tumor cells to permit tumor-specificlocalization of a modified cell. A ligand can confer the ability of acell composition to accumulate in a tissue to be treated, since apreferred ligand may be capable of interacting with a target molecule onthe external face of a tissue to be treated. Ligands having limitedcross-reactivity to other tissues are generally preferred.

In some cases, a ligand can act as a homing moiety which permits thecell to target to a specific tissue or interact with a specific ligand.Such homing moieties can include, but are not limited to, any member ofa specific binding pair, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, orderivatives or analogs thereof, including without limitation: Fvfragments, single chain Fv (scFv) fragments, Fab′ fragments, F(ab′)2fragments, single domain antibodies, camelized antibodies and antibodyfragments, humanized antibodies and antibody fragments, and multivalentversions of the foregoing; multivalent binding reagents includingwithout limitation: monospecific or bispecific antibodies, such asdisulfide stabilized Fv fragments, scFv tandems ((SCFV)2 fragments),diabodies, tribodies or tetrabodies, which typically are covalentlylinked or otherwise stabilized (i.e., leucine zipper or helixstabilized) scFv fragments; and other homing moieties include forexample, aptamers, receptors, and fusion proteins.

In some embodiments, the homing moiety may be a surface-bound antibody,which can permit tuning of cell targeting specificity. This isespecially useful since highly specific antibodies can be raised againstan epitope of interest for the desired targeting site. In oneembodiment, multiple antibodies are expressed on the surface of a cell,and each antibody can have a different specificity for a desired target.Such approaches can increase the avidity and specificity of hominginteractions.

A skilled artisan can select any homing moiety based on the desiredlocalization or function of the cell, for example an estrogen receptorligand, such as tamoxifen, can target cells to estrogen-dependent breastcancer cells that have an increased number of estrogen receptors on thecell surface. Other non-limiting examples of ligand/receptorinteractions include CCRI (e.g., for treatment of inflamed joint tissuesor brain in rheumatoid arthritis, and/or multiple sclerosis), CCR7, CCR8(e.g., targeting to lymph node tissue), CCR6, CCR9, CCR10 (e.g., totarget to intestinal tissue), CCR4, CCR10 (e.g., for targeting to skin),CXCR4 (e.g., for general enhanced transmigration), HCELL (e.g., fortreatment of inflammation and inflammatory disorders, bone marrow),Alpha4beta7 (e.g., for intestinal mucosa targeting), VLA-4/VCAM-1 (e.g.,targeting to endothelium). In general, any receptor involved intargeting (e.g., cancer metastasis) can be harnessed for use in themethods and compositions described herein.

Mediators of Cell Death

In one embodiment, a modified nucleic acid molecule composition can beused to induce apoptosis in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) by increasingthe expression of a death receptor, a death receptor ligand or acombination thereof. This method can be used to induce cell death in anydesired cell and has particular usefulness in the treatment of cancerwhere cells escape natural apoptotic signals.

Apoptosis can be induced by multiple independent signaling pathways thatconverge upon a final effector mechanism consisting of multipleinteractions between several “death receptors” and their ligands, whichbelong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/ligand superfamily.The best-characterized death receptors are CD95 (“Fas”), TNFRI (p55),death receptor 3 (DR3 or Apo3/TRAMO), DR4 and DR5 (apo2-TRAIL-R2). Thefinal effector mechanism of apoptosis may be the activation of a seriesof proteinases designated as caspases. The activation of these caspasesresults in the cleavage of a series of vital cellular proteins and celldeath. The molecular mechanism of death receptors/ligands-inducedapoptosis is well known in the art. For example, Fas/FasL-mediatedapoptosis is induced by binding of three FasL molecules which inducestrimerization of Fas receptor via C-terminus death domains (DDs), whichin turn recruits an adapter protein FADD (Fas-associated protein withdeath domain) and Caspase-8. The oligomerization of this trimolecularcomplex, Fas/FAIDD/caspase-8, results in proteolytic cleavage ofproenzyme caspase-8 into active caspase-8 that, in turn, initiates theapoptosis process by activating other downstream caspases throughproteolysis, including caspase-3. Death ligands in general are apoptoticwhen formed into trimers or higher order of structures. As monomers,they may serve as antiapoptotic agents by competing with the trimers forbinding to the death receptors.

In one embodiment, the modified nucleic acid molecule compositionencodes for a death receptor (e.g., Fas, TRAIL, TRAMO, TNFR, TLR etc).Cells made to express a death receptor by transfection of modified RNAbecome susceptible to death induced by the ligand that activates thatreceptor. Similarly, cells made to express a death ligand, e.g., ontheir surface, will induce death of cells with the receptor when thetransfected cell contacts the target cell. In another embodiment, themodified RNA composition encodes for a death receptor ligand (e.g.,FasL, TNF, etc). In another embodiment, the modified RNA compositionencodes a caspase (e.g., caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 etc). Wherecancer cells often exhibit a failure to properly differentiate to anon-proliferative or controlled proliferative form, in anotherembodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for both adeath receptor and its appropriate activating ligand. In anotherembodiment, the synthetic, modified RNA composition encodes for adifferentiation factor that when expressed in the cancer cell, such as acancer stem cell, will induce the cell to differentiate to anon-pathogenic or nonself-renewing phenotype (e.g., reduced cell growthrate, reduced cell division etc) or to induce the cell to enter adormant cell phase (e.g., G₀ resting phase).

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the use ofapoptosis-inducing techniques may require that the modified nucleic acidmolecules are appropriately targeted to e.g., tumor cells to preventunwanted wide-spread cell death. Thus, one can use a delivery mechanism(e.g., attached ligand or antibody, targeted liposome etc) thatrecognizes a cancer antigen such that the modified nucleic acidmolecules are expressed only in cancer cells.

Formulations of Modified mRNAs

Provided herein are formulations containing an effective amount of anmmRNA.

In certain embodiments, the formulations include one or more cellpenetration agents, e.g., transfection agents. In one specificembodiment, an mmRNA is mixed or admixed with a transfection agent (ormixture thereof) and the resulting mixture is employed to transfectcells. Preferred transfection agents are cationic lipid compositions,particularly monovalent and polyvalent cationic lipid compositions, moreparticularly LIPOFECTIN®, LIPOFECTACE®, LIPOFECTAMINE™, CELLFECTIN®,DMRIE-C, DMRIE, DOTAP, DOSPA, and DOSPER, and dendrimer compositions,particularly G5-G10 dendrimers, including dense star dendrimers, PAMAMdendrimers, grafted dendrimers, and dendrimers known as dendrigrafts andSUPERFECT®.

In a second specific transfection method, a ribonucleic acid isconjugated to a nucleic acid-binding group, for example a polyamine andmore particularly a spermine, which is then introduced into the cell oradmixed with a transfection agent (or mixture thereof) and the resultingmixture is employed to transfect cells. In a third specific embodiment,a mixture of one or more transfection-enhancing peptides, proteins, orprotein fragments, including fusagenic peptides or proteins, transportor trafficking peptides or proteins, receptor-ligand peptides orproteins, or nuclear localization peptides or proteins and/or theirmodified analogs (e.g., spermine modified peptides or proteins) orcombinations thereof are mixed with and complexed with a ribonucleicacid to be introduced into a cell, optionally being admixed withtransfection agent and the resulting mixture is employed to transfectcells. Further, a component of a transfection agent (e.g., lipids,cationic lipids or dendrimers) is covalently conjugated to selectedpeptides, proteins, or protein fragments directly or via a linking orspacer group. Of particular interest in this embodiment are peptides orproteins that are fusagenic, membrane-permeabilizing, transport ortrafficking, or which function for cell-targeting. The peptide- orprotein-transfection agent complex is combined with a ribonucleic acidand employed for transfection.

In certain embodiments, the formulations include a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier that causes the effective amount of mmRNA to besubstantially retained in a target tissue containing the cell.

In certain embodiments, the formulation may include at least an mmRNAand a delivery agent. In some embodiments, the delivery agent maycomprise lipidoid-based formulations allowed for localized and systemicdelivery of mmRNA.

Also provided are compositions for generation of an in vivo depotcontaining an engineered ribonucleotide. For example, the compositioncontains a bioerodible, biocompatible polymer, a solvent present in anamount effective to plasticize the polymer and form a gel therewith, andan engineered ribonucleic acid. In certain embodiments the compositionalso includes a cell penetration agent as described herein. In otherembodiments, the composition also contains a thixotropic amount of athixotropic agent mixable with the polymer so as to be effective to forma thixotropic composition. Further compositions include a stabilizingagent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, or a buffering agent.

In other embodiments, provided are sustained-release delivery depots,such as for administration of a mmRNA to an environment (meaning anorgan or tissue site) in a patient. Such depots generally contain ammRNA and a flexible chain polymer where both the mmRNA and the flexiblechain polymer are entrapped within a porous matrix of a crosslinkedmatrix protein. Usually, the pore size is less than 1 mm, such as 900nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, orless than 100 nm. Usually the flexible chain polymer is hydrophilic.Usually the flexible chain polymer has a molecular weight of at least 50kDa, such as 75 kDa, 100 kDa, 150 kDa, 200 kDa, 250 kDa, 300 kDa, 400kDa, 500 kDa, or greater than 500 kDa. Usually the flexible chainpolymer has a persistence length of less than 10%, such as 9, 8, 7, 6,5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or less than 1% of the persistence length of the matrixprotein. Usually the flexible chain polymer has a charge similar to thatof the matrix protein. In some embodiments, the flexible chain polymeralters the effective pore size of a matrix of crosslinked matrix proteinto a size capable of sustaining the diffusion of the mmRNA from thematrix into a surrounding tissue comprising a cell into which the mmRNAis capable of entering.

Formulation Using Lipidoids

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein include lipidoid-basedformulations allowing for localized and systemic delivery of mmRNA. Thesynthesis of lipidoids has been extensively described and formulationscontaining these compounds are particularly suited for delivery ofpolynucleotides (see Mahon et al., Bioconjug Chem. 2010 21:1448-1454;Schroeder et al., J Intern Med. 2010 267:9-21; Akinc et al., NatBiotechnol. 2008 26:561-569; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010107:1864-1869; Siegwart et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011108:12996-3001; all of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties).

According to the present invention, complexes, micelles, liposomes orparticles can be prepared containing these lipidoids and therefore,result in an effective delivery of mmRNA, as judged by the production ofan encoded protein, following the injection of an mmRNA-formulatedlipidoids via localized and systemic routes of administration. ModifiedmRNA-lipidoid complexes can be administered by various means disclosedherein.

The characteristics of optimized lipidoid formulations for intramuscularor subcutaneous routes may vary significantly depending on the targetcell type and the ability of formulations to diffuse through theextracellular matrix into the blood stream. While a particle size ofless than 150 nm may be desired for effective hepatocyte delivery due tothe size of the endothelial fenestrae (see, Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 200917:872-879 herein incorporated by reference), use of lipidoidoligonucleotides to deliver the formulation to other cells typesincluding, but not limited to, endothelial cells, myeloid cells, andmuscle cells may not be similarly size-limited.

In one aspect, effective delivery to myeloid cells, such as monocytes,lipidoid formulations may have a similar component molar ratio.Different ratios of lipidoids and other components including, but notlimited to, disteroylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and PEG-DMG, maybe used to optimize the formulation of the mmRNA molecule for deliveryto different cell types including, but not limited to, hepatocytes,myeloid cells, muscle cells, etc. For example, the component molar ratiomay include, but is not limited to, 50% lipid, 10% disteroylphosphatidylcholine, 38.5% cholesterol, and % 1.5 PEG. The lipid may be selectedfrom, but is not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA,98N12-5, C12-200 (including variants and derivatives), DLin-MC3-DMA andanalogs thereof. The use of lipidoid formulations for the localizeddelivery of nucleic acids to cells (such as, but not limited to, adiposecells and muscle cells) via either subcutaneous or intramusculardelivery, may also not require all of the formulation components whichmay be required for systemic delivery, and as such may comprise thelipidoid and the mmRNA.

In a further embodiment, combinations of different lipidoids may be usedto improve the efficacy of mmRNA-directed protein.

According to the present invention, modified mRNA may be formulated bymixing the mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition tocells. In vivo formulations may require the addition of extraingredients to facilitate circulation throughout the body. To test theability of these lipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work,a standard formulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations maybe used as a starting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations consistof particles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, withfurther optimization of ratios possible. After formation of theparticle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. Theencapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusionassays.

In vivo delivery of nucleic acids may be affected by many parameters,including, but not limited to, the formulation composition, nature ofparticle PEGylation, degree of loading, oligonucleotide to lipid ratio,and biophysical parameters such as particle size (Akinc et al., MolTher. 2009 17:872-879; herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety). As an example, small changes in the anchor chain length ofpoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids may result in significant effects onin vivo efficacy. Formulations with the different lipidoids, including,but not limited topenta[3-(1-laurylaminopropionyl)]-triethylenetetramine hydrochloride(TETA-5LAP; aka 98N12-5, see Murugaiah et al., Analytical Biochemistry,401:61 (2010)), C12-200 (including derivatives and variants), MD1,DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA and DLin-MC3-DMA (see FIG. 1), can betested for in vivo activity.

The lipidoid referred to herein as “98N12-5” is disclosed by Akinc etal., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879 and is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. (See FIG. 1)

The lipidoid referred to herein as “C12-200” is disclosed by Love etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869 (see FIG. 1) and Liu andHuang, Molecular Therapy. 2010 669-670 (see FIG. 1); both of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety. The lipidoidformulations can include particles comprising either 3 or 4 or morecomponents in addition to polynucleotide, primary construct, or mmRNA.As an example, formulations with certain lipidoids, include, but are notlimited to, 98N12-5 and may contain 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and10% PEG (C14 alkyl chain length). As another example, formulations withcertain lipidoids, include, but are not limited to, C12-200 and maycontain 50% lipidoid, 10% disteroylphosphatidyl choline, 38.5%cholesterol, and 1.5% PEG-DMG.

The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection istested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous workusing siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relativeto siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA is likely to beeffective. In addition, for comparison mmRNA are also formulated usingRNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio,Madison Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles.

The ability of lipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired proteinproduct can be confirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flowcytometry for expression, and by ELISA for secretion.

The expression of mmRNA-encoded proteins can be assessed both within themuscle or subcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organsand fluids such as the liver and spleen, urine, saliva, etc.

For example, single dose studies allow an assessment of the magnitude,dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of the desired product.After formulation of mmRNA with the lipidoid formulations, as describedpreviously, animals are divided into groups receiving either a salineformulation, or a lipidoid-formulation containing one of severaldifferent mmRNA. Prior to injection, mmRNA-containing lipidoidformulations are diluted in PBS and animals administered a singleintramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 50 mg/kg to doses aslow as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. Ifthe animal tested is a mouse the maximum dose can be roughly 1 mg mmRNAor as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if administered once into the hind limb.Likewise for subcutaneous administration, mmRNA-containing lipidoidformulations are diluted in PBS before the animals are administered asingle subcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg- todoses as low as 1 ng/kg. A preferred dosage range comprises 80 mg/kg to100 ng/kg. If the animal tested is a mouse, the maximum doseadministered can be roughly 8 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA if thedose is administered once subcutaneously.

It is preferred that the volume of a single intramuscular injection ismaximally 0.025 ml and of a single subcutaneous injection is maximally0.2 ml for a 20 gram mouse. The dose of the mmRNA administered to theanimal is calculated depending on the body weight of the animal. Atvarious points in time points following the administration of themmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysates can be obtained andthe level of the mmRNA-encoded product determined. The ability oflipidoid-formulated mmRNA to express the desired protein product can beconfirmed by luminescence for luciferase expression, flow cytometry, andby ELISA.

Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen can also be performed todetermine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate thesaturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving acontrol and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and todetermine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNAin doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whetherexpression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity).

Administration

The present invention provides methods comprising administering modifiedmRNAs and or complexes in accordance with the invention to a subject inneed thereof. mmRNA or complexes, or pharmaceutical, imaging,diagnostic, or prophylactic compositions thereof, may be administered toa subject using any amount and any route of administration which may beeffective for preventing, treating, diagnosing, or imaging a disease,disorder, and/or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, and/or conditionrelating to working memory deficits). The exact amount required willvary from subject to subject, depending on factors such as, but notlimited to, the species, age, and general condition of the subject, theseverity of the disease, the particular composition, its mode ofadministration, its mode of activity, and the like.

mmRNA to be delivered and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic,or imaging compositions thereof may be administered to animals, such asmammals (e.g., humans, domesticated animals, cats, dogs, mice, rats,etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, orimaging compositions thereof are administered to humans.

mmRNA may be administered by any route. In some embodiments, mmRNA areadministered by one or more of a variety of routes, including, but notlimited to, local, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial,intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular,transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical(e.g. by powders, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops),mucosal, nasal, buccal, enteral, vitreal, intratumoral, sublingual; byintratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation;as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol, and/or through a portalvein catheter.

In some embodiments, mmRNA are administered by systemic intravenousinjection. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may be administeredintravenously and/or orally. In specific embodiments, mmRNA may beadministered in a way which allows the mmRNA to cross the blood-brainbarrier, vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspendingagents. Sterile injectable preparations may be sterile injectablesolutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterallyacceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as asolvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil canbe employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids suchas oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtrationthrough a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium prior to use.

Dosage forms for local, topical and/or transdermal administration of acomposition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Additionally, thepresent invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, whichoften have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of acompound to the body. Such dosage forms may be prepared, for example, bydissolving and/or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.Alternatively or additionally, rate may be controlled by eitherproviding a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the compoundin a polymer matrix and/or gel.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are notlimited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments,lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams,ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions.Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise fromabout 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although theconcentration of active ingredient may be as high as the solubilitylimit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topicaladministration may further comprise one or more of the additionalingredients described herein.

A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in aformulation suitable for ophthalmic administration. Such formulationsmay, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in anaqueous or oily liquid excipient. Such drops may further comprisebuffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of any additionalingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrableformulations which are useful include those which comprise the activeingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation.Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope ofthis invention.

In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upona variety of factors including the nature of the mmRNA to be delivered(e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract,bloodstream, etc.), the condition of the patient (e.g., whether thepatient is able to tolerate particular routes of administration), etc.The invention encompasses the delivery of the mmRNA by any appropriateroute taking into consideration likely advances in the sciences of drugdelivery.

In certain embodiments, compositions in accordance with the presentinvention may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliverfrom about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg toabout 50 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, fromabout 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 25mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, toobtain the desired therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic effect. Thedesired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, oncea day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks,every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, thedesired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g.,two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations). When multipleadministration is employed, split dosing regimens such as thosedescribed herein may be used.

According to the present invention, it has been discovered thatadministration of mmRNA in split-dose regimens produce higher levels ofproteins in mammalian subjects. As used herein, a “split dose” is thedivision of single unit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses.As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of any therapeuticadministered in one dose/at one time/single route/single point ofcontact, i.e., single administration event. As used herein, a “totaldaily dose” is an amount given or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may beadministered as a single unit dose. In one embodiment, the mmRNA of thepresent invention are administered to a subject in split doses. ThemmRNA may be formulated in buffer only or in a formulation describedherein.

Modified nucleic acid molecules or complexes may be used or administeredin combination with one or more other therapeutic, prophylactic,diagnostic, or imaging agents. By “in combination with,” it is notintended to imply that the agents must be administered at the same timeand/or formulated for delivery together, although these methods ofdelivery are within the scope of the present disclosure. Compositionscan be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, oneor more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. In general,each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time scheduledetermined for that agent. In some embodiments, the present disclosureencompasses the delivery of pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic, orimaging compositions in combination with agents that may improve theirbioavailability, reduce and/or modify their metabolism, inhibit theirexcretion, and/or modify their distribution within the body.

It will further be appreciated that therapeutically, prophylactically,diagnostically, or imaging active agents utilized in combination may beadministered together in a single composition or administered separatelyin different compositions. In general, it is expected that agentsutilized in combination with be utilized at levels that do not exceedthe levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments,the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilizedindividually. In one embodiment, the combinations, each or together maybe administered according to the split dosing regimens described herein.

The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) toemploy in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility ofthe desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeuticeffect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapiesemployed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (forexample, a composition useful for treating cancer in accordance with theinvention may be administered concurrently with a chemotherapeuticagent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of anyadverse effects).

Compositions containing mmRNAs are formulated for administrationintramuscularly, transarterially, intraocularly, vaginally, rectally,intraperitoneally, intravenously, intranasally, subcutaneously,endoscopically, transdermally, intramuscularly, intraventricularly,intradermally, intrathecally, topically (e.g. by powders, ointments,creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops), mucosally, nasal, enterally,intratumorally, by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation,and/or inhalation; nasal spray and/or aerosol, and/or through a portalvein catheter.

The compositions may also be formulated for direct delivery to an organor tissue in any of several ways in the art including, but not limitedto, direct soaking or bathing, via a catheter, by gels, powder,ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and/or drops, by using substrates suchas fabric or biodegradable materials coated or impregnated with thecompositions, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition isformulated for extended release. In specific embodiments, mmRNAmolecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic,or imaging compositions thereof, may be administered in a way whichallows the mmRNA molecules or complex to cross the blood-brain barrier,vascular barrier, or other epithelial barrier.

In some aspects of the invention, the nucleic acids (particularlyribonucleic acids encoding polypeptides) are spatially retained withinor proximal to a target tissue. Provided are method of providing acomposition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject by contacting thetarget tissue (which contains one or more target cells) with thecomposition under conditions such that the composition, in particularthe nucleic acid component(s) of the composition, is substantiallyretained in the target tissue, meaning that at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than99.99% of the composition is retained in the target tissue.Advantageously, retention is determined by measuring the amount of thenucleic acid present in the composition that enters one or more targetcells. For example, at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85,90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of thenucleic acids administered to the subject are present intracellularly ata period of time following administration. For example, intramuscularinjection to a mammalian subject is performed using an aqueouscomposition containing a ribonucleic acid and a transfection reagent,and retention of the composition is determined by measuring the amountof the ribonucleic acid present in the muscle cells.

Aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing acomposition to a target tissue of a mammalian subject, by contacting thetarget tissue (containing one or more target cells) with the compositionunder conditions such that the composition is substantially retained inthe target tissue. The composition contains an effective amount of aribonucleic acid engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cellinto which the ribonucleic acid enters, where the ribonucleic acidcontains a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, underconditions such that the polypeptide of interest is produced in at leastone target cell. The compositions generally contain a cell penetrationagent, although “naked” nucleic acid (such as nucleic acids without acell penetration agent or other agent) is also contemplated, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some circumstances, the amount of a protein produced by cells in atissue is desirably increased. Preferably, this increase in proteinproduction is spatially restricted to cells within the target tissue.Thus, provided are methods of increasing production of a protein ofinterest in a tissue of a mammalian subject. A composition is providedthat contains a ribonucleic acid that is engineered to avoid an innateimmune response of a cell into which the ribonucleic acid enters andencodes the polypeptide of interest and the composition is characterizedin that a unit quantity of composition has been determined to producethe polypeptide of interest in a substantial percentage of cellscontained within a predetermined volume of the target tissue. In someembodiments, the composition includes a plurality of differentribonucleic acids, where one or more than one of the ribonucleic acidsis engineered to avoid an innate immune response of a cell into whichthe ribonucleic acid enters, and where one or more than one of theribonucleic acids encodes a polypeptide of interest. Optionally, thecomposition also contains a cell penetration agent to assist in theintracellular delivery of the ribonucleic acid. A determination is madeof the dose of the composition required to produce the polypeptide ofinterest in a substantial percentage of cells contained within thepredetermined volume of the target tissue (generally, without inducingsignificant production of the polypeptide of interest in tissue adjacentto the predetermined volume, or distally to the target tissue).Subsequent to this determination, the determined dose is introduceddirectly into the tissue of the mammalian subject.

Formulations which may be administered intramuscularly and/orsubcutaneously may include, but are not limited to, polymers,copolymers, and gels. The polymers, copolymers and/or gels may furtherbe adjusted to modify release kinetics by adjusting factors such as, butnot limited to, molecular weight, particle size, payload and/or ratio ofthe monomers. As a non-limiting example, formulations administeredintramuscularly and/or subcutaneously may include a copolymer such aspoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).

Localized delivery of the compositions described herein may beadministered by methods such as, but not limited to, topical delivery,ocular delivery, transdermal delivery, and the like. The composition mayalso be administered locally to a part of the body not normallyavailable for localized delivery such as, but not limited to, when asubject's body is open to the environment during treatment. Thecomposition may further be delivered by bathing, soaking and/orsurrounding the body part with the composition.

However, the present disclosure encompasses the delivery of mmRNAmolecules or complexes, and/or pharmaceutical, prophylactic, diagnostic,or imaging compositions thereof, by any appropriate route taking intoconsideration likely advances in the sciences of drug delivery.

The level or concentration of a mmRNA may be characterized usingexosomes. A level or concentration of the mmRNA in exosomes canrepresent an expression level, presence, absence, truncation oralteration of the mmRNA. The level or concentration may be determined bya method such as, but not limited to, an assay using construct specificprobes, cytometry, qRT-PCR, realtime PCR, PCR, flow cytometry,electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, or combinations thereof. Further,the level or concentration may be associated with a clinical phenotype.For analysis, the exosome may be isolated by a method such as, but notlimited to, immunohistochemcial methods such as enzyme linkedimmunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods, size exclusion chromatography,density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation,nanomembrane ultrafiltration, immunoabsorbent capture, affinitypurification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

When administered to a subject the pharmaceutical compositions describedherein may provide proteins which have been generated from modifiedmRNAs. Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or moreadditional therapeutically active substances. In accordance with someembodiments, a method of administering pharmaceutical compositionscomprising one or more proteins to be delivered to a subject in needthereof is provided. In some embodiments, compositions are administeredto human subjects. In a further embodiment, the compositions areadministered to a subject who is a patient.

Pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or moreadditional therapeutically active substances.

In some embodiments, compositions are administered to humans. For thepurposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “active ingredient”generally refers to a mmRNA to be delivered as described herein.

Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinare principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which aresuitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by theskilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable foradministration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceuticalcompositions suitable for administration to humans in order to renderthe compositions suitable for administration to various animals is wellunderstood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist candesign and/or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any,experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceuticalcompositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humansand/or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammalssuch as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and/or rats;and/or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as chickens,ducks, geese, and/or turkeys.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may beprepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art ofpharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step ofbringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/orone or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/ordesirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single-or multi-dose unit.

A pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention may beprepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/oras a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” isdiscrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising apredetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the activeingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredientwhich would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction ofsuch a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such adosage.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in apharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention will vary,depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subjecttreated and further depending upon the route by which the composition isto be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprisebetween 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.

Pharmaceutical formulations may additionally comprise a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and allsolvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles,dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents,thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders,lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage formdesired. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st)Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.,2006; incorporated herein by reference) discloses various excipientsused in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques forthe preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional excipientmedium is incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as byproducing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting ina deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceuticalcomposition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of thisinvention.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use in humansand for veterinary use.

In some embodiments, an excipient is approved by United States Food andDrug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient is pharmaceuticalgrade. In some embodiments, an excipient meets the standards of theUnited States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), theBritish Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture ofpharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inertdiluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agentsand/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents,preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Suchexcipients may optionally be included in pharmaceutical formulations.Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents,coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents can bepresent in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate,sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calciumsulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose,cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol,inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc.,and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are notlimited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starchglycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite,cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins,calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linkedpoly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch(sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose,pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, waterinsoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminumsilicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds,etc., and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include, but are notlimited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodiumalginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin,egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidalclays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum® [magnesiumaluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecularweight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol,triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glycerylmonostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol),carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acidpolymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives(e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate [TWEEN®20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [TWEEN®60],polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [TWEEN®80], sorbitan monopalmitate[SPAN®40], sorbitan monostearate [SPAN®60], sorbitan tristearate[SPAN®65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [SPAN®80]),polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [MYRJ®45],polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil,polyoxymethylene stearate, and SOLUTOL®), sucrose fatty acid esters,polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. CREMOPHOR®), polyoxyethyleneethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [BRIJ®30]),poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyllaurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, PLURONIC®F 68, POLOXAMER®188,cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride,docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g.cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose,dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); natural andsynthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss,panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks,carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate,poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®), andlarch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethyleneglycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes;water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.

Exemplary preservatives may include, but are not limited to,antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungalpreservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and/or otherpreservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to,alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylatedhydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassiummetabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodiumbisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and/or sodium sulfite. Exemplarychelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citricacid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid,fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaricacid, and/or trisodium edetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservativesinclude, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethoniumchloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride,chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethylalcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol,phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and/orthimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are notlimited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propylparaben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate,potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and/or sorbicacid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to,ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol,chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and/or phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplaryacidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitaminC, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroaceticacid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and/or phytic acid. Otherpreservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherolacetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA),butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodiummetabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANTPLUS®, PHENONIP®, methylparaben, GERMALL®115, GERMABEN®II, NEOLONE™,KATHON™, and/or EUXYL®.

Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citratebuffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions,ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate,calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconicacid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calciumlevulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid,tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassiumacetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures,dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassiumphosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride,sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasicsodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesiumhydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water,isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and/orcombinations thereof.

Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesiumstearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glycerylbehanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodiumbenzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium laurylsulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.

Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel,avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile,canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, codliver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose,fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop,isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon,litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink,nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel,peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary,safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, sheabutter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki,vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary oils include, but arenot limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, caprictriglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360,isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol,silicone oil, and/or combinations thereof.

Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, butare not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions,microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. Inaddition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms may comprise inertdiluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or othersolvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol,isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol,benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn,germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfurylalcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, andmixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions can includeadjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents,sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents. In certain embodimentsfor parenteral administration, compositions are mixed with solubilizingagents such as Cremophor®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols,polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.

General considerations in the formulation and/or manufacture ofpharmaceutical agents may be found, for example, in Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy 21^(st) ed., Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference).

In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it is oftendesirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient fromsubcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by theuse of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material withpoor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then dependsupon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystalsize and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of aparenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving orsuspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are madeby forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymerssuch as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug topolymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate ofdrug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typicallysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing compositions with suitablenon-irritating excipients such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or asuppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid atbody temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity andrelease the active ingredient. Solid dosage forms for oraladministration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.In such solid dosage forms, an active ingredient is mixed with at leastone inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as sodium citrateor dicalcium phosphate and/or fillers or extenders (e.g. starches,lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid), binders (e.g.carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone,sucrose, and acacia), humectants (e.g. glycerol), disintegrating agents(e.g. agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid,certain silicates, and sodium carbonate), solution retarding agents(e.g. paraffin), absorption accelerators (e.g. quaternary ammoniumcompounds), wetting agents (e.g. cetyl alcohol and glycerolmonostearate), absorbents (e.g. kaolin and bentonite clay), andlubricants (e.g. talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solidpolyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate), and mixtures thereof. Inthe case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprisebuffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in softand hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose ormilk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and thelike. Solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, andgranules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as entericcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can beused include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of asimilar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatincapsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as highmolecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of acomposition may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, anactive ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or any needed preservativesand/or buffers as may be required. Topically-administrable formulationsmay, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) activeingredient, although the concentration of active ingredient may be ashigh as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or moreof the additional ingredients described herein.

A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in aformulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity.Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the activeingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 nm toabout 7 nm or from about 1 nm to about 6 nm. Such compositions aresuitably in the form of dry powders for administration using a devicecomprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant may bedirected to disperse the powder and/or using a self propellingsolvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising theactive ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellantin a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nm andat least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nm.Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diametergreater than 1 nm and at least 90% of the particles by number have adiameter less than 6 nm. Dry powder compositions may include a solidfine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in aunit dose form.

Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having aboiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally thepropellant may constitute 50% to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, andactive ingredient may constitute 0.1% to 20% (w/w) of the composition. Apropellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquidnon-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (whichmay have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising theactive ingredient).

Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery mayprovide an active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solutionand/or suspension. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, and/orsold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions,optionally sterile, comprising active ingredient, and may convenientlybe administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Suchformulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredientsincluding, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharinsodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent,and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. Droplets providedby this route of administration may have an average diameter in therange from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm.

Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery areuseful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Anotherformulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powdercomprising the active ingredient and having an average particle fromabout 0.2 μm to 500 μm. Such a formulation is administered in the mannerin which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasalpassage from a container of the powder held close to the nose.

Formulations suitable for nasal administration may, for example,comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) ofactive ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additionalingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition may beprepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for buccaladministration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form oftablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may, forexample, 0.1% to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising anorally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one ormore of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately,formulations suitable for buccal administration may comprise a powderand/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspensioncomprising active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/oraerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particleand/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 nm to about 200 nm, andmay further comprise one or more of any additional ingredients describedherein

Properties of the Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be characterized byone or more of the following properties:

Bioavailability

The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition with a deliveryagent as described herein, can exhibit an increase in bioavailability ascompared to a composition lacking a delivery agent as described herein.As used herein, the term “bioavailability” refers to the systemicavailability of a given amount of a mmRNA molecule administered to amammal. Bioavailability can be assessed by measuring the area under thecurve (AUC) or the maximum serum or plasma concentration (C_(max)) ofthe unchanged form of a compound following administration of thecompound to a mammal. AUC is a determination of the area under the curveplotting the serum or plasma concentration of a compound along theordinate (Y-axis) against time along the abscissa (X-axis). Generally,the AUC for a particular compound can be calculated using methods knownto those of ordinary skill in the art and as described in G. S. Banker,Modern Pharmaceutics, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 72,Marcel Dekker, New York, Inc., 1996, herein incorporated by reference.

The C_(max) value is the maximum concentration of the compound achievedin the serum or plasma of a mammal following administration of thecompound to the mammal. The C_(max) value of a particular compound canbe measured using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.The phrases “increasing bioavailability” or “improving thepharmacokinetics,” as used herein mean that the systemic availability ofa first mmRNA molecule, measured as AUC, C_(max), or C_(min) in a mammalis greater, when co-administered with a delivery agent as describedherein, than when such co-administration does not take place. In someembodiments, the bioavailability of the mmRNA molecule can increase byat least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, atleast about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, atleast about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.

Therapeutic Window

The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as describedherein, can exhibit an increase in the therapeutic window of theadministered mmRNA molecule composition as compared to the therapeuticwindow of the administered mmRNA molecule composition lacking a deliveryagent as described herein. As used herein “therapeutic window” refers tothe range of plasma concentrations, or the range of levels oftherapeutically active substance at the site of action, with a highprobability of eliciting a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments, thetherapeutic window of the mmRNA molecule when co-administered with adelivery agent as described herein can increase by at least about 2%, atleast about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, atleast about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, atleast about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.

Volume of Distribution

The mmRNA molecules, when formulated into a composition as describedherein, can exhibit an improved volume of distribution (V_(dist)). Thevolume of distribution (V_(dist)) relates the amount of the drug in thebody to the concentration of the drug in the blood or plasma. As usedherein, the term “volume of distribution” refers to the fluid volumethat would be required to contain the total amount of the drug in thebody at the same concentration as in the blood or plasma: V_(dist)equals the amount of drug in the body/concentration of drug in blood orplasma. For example, for a 10 mg dose and a plasma concentration of 10mg/L, the volume of distribution would be 1 liter. The volume ofdistribution reflects the extent to which the drug is present in theextravascular tissue. A large volume of distribution reflects thetendency of a compound to bind to the tissue components compared withplasma protein binding. In a clinical setting, V_(dist) can be used todetermine a loading dose to achieve a steady state concentration. Insome embodiments, the volume of distribution of the mmRNA molecule whenco-administered with a delivery agent as described herein can decreaseat least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, atleast about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, atleast about 70%.

Devices and Methods for Multi-Administration

Methods and devices for multi-administration may be employed to deliverthe mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosingregimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.

Method and devices known in the art for multi-administration to cells,organs and tissues are contemplated for use in conjunction with themethods and compositions disclosed herein as embodiments of the presentinvention. These include, for example, those methods and devices havingmultiple needles, hybrid devices employing for example lumens orcatheters as well as devices utilizing heat, electric current orradiation driven mechanisms.

According to the present invention, these multi-administration devicesmay be utilized to deliver the split doses contemplated herein.

Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceuticalcompositions described herein include short needle devices such as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288;4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositionsmay be administered by devices which limit the effective penetrationlength of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCTpublication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Jetinjection devices which deliver liquid compositions to the dermis via aliquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratumcorneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jetinjection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189;5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335;5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880;4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballisticpowder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to acceleratevaccine in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to thedermis are suitable. Alternatively or additionally, conventionalsyringes may be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermaladministration.

A method for delivering therapeutic agents to a solid tissue has beendescribed by Bahrami et al and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20110230839, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Bahrami, an array ofneedles is incorporated into a device which delivers a substantiallyequal amount of fluid at any location in said solid tissue along eachneedle's length.

A device for delivery of biological material across the biologicaltissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example inUS Patent Publication 20110172610, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toKodgule, multiple hollow micro-needles made of one or more metals andhaving outer diameters from about 200 microns to about 350 microns andlengths of at least 100 microns are incorporated into the device whichdelivers peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules,lipids and other pharmaceutically active ingredients or combinationsthereof.

A delivery probe for delivering a therapeutic agent to a tissue has beendescribed by Gunday et al and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20110270184, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Gunday, multiple needlesare incorporated into the device which moves the attached capsulesbetween an activated position and an inactivated position to force theagent out of the capsules through the needles.

A multiple-injection medical apparatus has been described by Assaf andis taught for example in US Patent Publication 20110218497, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.According to Assaf, multiple needles are incorporated into the devicewhich has a chamber connected to one or more of said needles and a meansfor continuously refilling the chamber with the medical fluid after eachinjection.

An at least partially implantable system for injecting a substance intoa patient's body, in particular a penis erection stimulation system hasbeen described by Forsell and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20110196198, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Forsell, multiple needlesare incorporated into the device which is implanted along with one ormore housings adjacent the patient's left and right corpora cavernosa. Areservoir and a pump are also implanted to supply drugs through theneedles.

A method for the transdermal delivery of a therapeutic effective amountof iron has been described by Berenson and is taught for example in USPatent Publication 20100130910, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. According to Berenson, multipleneedles may be used to create multiple micro channels in stratum corneumto enhance transdermal delivery of the ionic iron on an iontophoreticpatch.

A method for delivery of biological material across the biologicaltissue has been described by Kodgule et al and is taught for example inUS Patent Publication 20110196308, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toKodgule, multiple biodegradable microneedles containing a therapeuticactive ingredient are incorporated in a device which delivers proteins,carbohydrates, nucleic acid molecules, lipids and other pharmaceuticallyactive ingredients or combinations thereof.

A transdermal patch comprising a botulinum toxin composition has beendescribed by Donovan and is taught for example in US Patent Publication20080220020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by referencein their entirety. According to Donovan, multiple needles areincorporated into the patch which delivers botulinum toxin under stratumcorneum through said needles which project through the stratum corneumof the skin without rupturing a blood vessel.

A cryoprobe for administration of an active agent to a location ofcryogenic treatment has been described by Toubia and is taught forexample in US Patent Publication 20080140061, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Toubia,multiple needles are incorporated into the probe which receives theactive agent into a chamber and administers the agent to the tissue.

A method for treating or preventing inflammation or promoting healthyjoints has been described by Stock et al and is taught for example in USPatent Publication 20090155186, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. According to Stock, multipleneedles are incorporated in a device which administers compositionscontaining signal transduction modulator compounds.

A multi-site injection system has been described by Kimmell et al and istaught for example in US Patent Publication 20100256594, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Kimmell, multiple needles are incorporated into a device whichdelivers a medication into a stratum corneum through the needles.

A method for delivering interferons to the intradermal compartment hasbeen described by Dekker et al and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20050181033, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Dekker, multiple needleshaving an outlet with an exposed height between 0 and 1 mm areincorporated into a device which improves pharmacokinetics andbioavailability by delivering the substance at a depth between 0.3 mmand 2 mm.

A method for delivering genes, enzymes and biological agents to tissuecells has described by Desai and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20030073908, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Desai, multiple needles areincorporated into a device which is inserted into a body and delivers amedication fluid through said needles.

A method for treating cardiac arrhythmias with fibroblast cells has beendescribed by Lee et al and is taught for example in US PatentPublication 20040005295, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Lee, multiple needles areincorporated into the device which delivers fibroblast cells into thelocal region of the tissue.

A method using a magnetically controlled pump for treating a brain tumorhas been described by Shachar et al and is taught for example in U.S.Pat. No. 7,799,012 (method) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,799,016 (device), thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According Shachar, multiple needles were incorporated into thepump which pushes a medicating agent through the needles at a controlledrate.

Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalianfemales have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example inU.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array ofmicro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeuticagent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.

A micro-needle transdermal transport device has been described by Angelet al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,364,568, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.According to Angel, multiple needles are incorporated into the devicewhich transports a substance into a body surface through the needleswhich are inserted into the surface from different directions.

A device for subcutaneous infusion has been described by Dalton et aland is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,726, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Dalton, multiple needles are incorporated into the device whichdelivers fluid through the needles into a subcutaneous tissue.

A device and a method for intradermal delivery of vaccines and genetherapeutic agents through microcannula have been described by Miksztaet al and are taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,247, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Mitszta, at least one hollow micro-needle isincorporated into the device which delivers the vaccines to thesubject's skin to a depth of between 0.025 mm and 2 mm.

A method of delivering insulin has been described by Pettis et al and istaught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,595, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis,two needles are incorporated into a device wherein both needles insertessentially simultaneously into the skin with the first at a depth ofless than 2.5 mm to deliver insulin to intradermal compartment and thesecond at a depth of greater than 2.5 mm and less than 5.0 mm to deliverinsulin to subcutaneous compartment.

Cutaneous injection delivery under suction has been described byKochamba et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,666, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Kochamba, multiple needles in relative adjacencywith each other are incorporated into a device which injects a fluidbelow the cutaneous layer.

A device for withdrawing or delivering a substance through the skin hasbeen described by Down et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No.6,607,513, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Down, multiple skin penetrating memberswhich are incorporated into the device have lengths of about 100 micronsto about 2000 microns and are about 30 to 50 gauge.

A device for delivering a substance to the skin has been described byPalmer et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,242, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Palmer, an array of micro-needles is incorporatedinto the device which uses a stretching assembly to enhance the contactof the needles with the skin and provides a more uniform delivery of thesubstance.

A perfusion device for localized drug delivery has been described byZamoyski and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,247, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Zamoyski, multiple hypodermic needles areincorporated into the device which injects the contents of thehypodermics into a tissue as said hypodermics are being retracted.

A method for enhanced transport of drugs and biological molecules acrosstissue by improving the interaction between micro-needles and human skinhas been described by Prausnitz et al and is taught for example in U.S.Pat. No. 6,743,211, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. According to Prausnitz, multiplemicro-needles are incorporated into a device which is able to present amore rigid and less deformable surface to which the micro-needles areapplied.

A device for intraorgan administration of medicinal agents has beendescribed by Ting et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No.6,077,251, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Ting, multiple needles having side openingsfor enhanced administration are incorporated into a device which byextending and retracting said needles from and into the needle chamberforces a medicinal agent from a reservoir into said needles and injectssaid medicinal agent into a target organ.

A multiple needle holder and a subcutaneous multiple channel infusionport has been described by Brown and is taught for example in U.S. Pat.No. 4,695,273, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. According to Brown, multiple needles on theneedle holder are inserted through the septum of the infusion port andcommunicate with isolated chambers in said infusion port.

A dual hypodermic syringe has been described by Horn and is taught forexample in U.S. Pat. No. 3,552,394, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Horn,two needles incorporated into the device are spaced apart less than 68mm and may be of different styles and lengths, thus enabling injectionsto be made to different depths.

A syringe with multiple needles and multiple fluid compartments has beendescribed by Hershberg and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No.3,572,336, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Hershberg, multiple needles areincorporated into the syringe which has multiple fluid compartments andis capable of simultaneously administering incompatible drugs which arenot able to be mixed for one injection.

A surgical instrument for intradermal injection of fluids has beendescribed by Eliscu et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No.2,588,623, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Eliscu, multiple needles are incorporatedinto the instrument which injects fluids intradermally with a widerdisperse.

An apparatus for simultaneous delivery of a substance to multiple breastmilk ducts has been described by Hung and is taught for example in EP1818017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Hung, multiple lumens are incorporated intothe device which inserts though the orifices of the ductal networks anddelivers a fluid to the ductal networks.

A catheter for introduction of medications to the tissue of a heart orother organs has been described by Tkebuchava and is taught for examplein WO2006138109, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. According to Tkebuchava, two curved needlesare incorporated which enter the organ wall in a flattened trajectory.

Devices for delivering medical agents have been described by Mckay et aland are taught for example in WO2006118804, the content of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Mckay,multiple needles with multiple orifices on each needle are incorporatedinto the devices to facilitate regional delivery to a tissue, such asthe interior disc space of a spinal disc.

A method for directly delivering an immunomodulatory substance into anintradermal space within a mammalian skin has been described by Pettisand is taught for example in WO2004020014, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Pettis,multiple needles are incorporated into a device which delivers thesubstance through the needles to a depth between 0.3 mm and 2 mm.

Methods and devices for administration of substances into at least twocompartments in skin for systemic absorption and improvedpharmacokinetics have been described by Pettis et al and are taught forexample in WO2003094995, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Pettis, multiple needleshaving lengths between about 300 um and about 5 mm are incorporated intoa device which delivers to intradermal and subcutaneous tissuecompartments simultaneously.

A drug delivery device with needles and a roller has been described byZimmerman et al and is taught for example in WO2012006259, the contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.According to Zimmerman, multiple hollow needles positioned in a rollerare incorporated into the device which delivers the content in areservoir through the needles as the roller rotates.

Methods and Devices Utilizing Catheters and/or Lumens

Methods and devices using catheters and lumens may be employed toadminister the mmRNA of the present invention on a split dosingschedule. Such methods and devices are described below.

A catheter-based delivery of skeletal myoblasts to the myocardium ofdamaged hearts has been described by Jacoby et al and is taught forexample in US Patent Publication 20060263338, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According to Jacoby,multiple needles are incorporated into the device at least part of whichis inserted into a blood vessel and delivers the cell compositionthrough the needles into the localized region of the subject's heart.

An apparatus for treating asthma using neurotoxin has been described byDeem et al and is taught for example in US Patent Publication20060225742, the contents of which are incorporated herein by referencein their entirety. According to Deem, multiple needles are incorporatedinto the device which delivers neurotoxin through the needles into thebronchial tissue.

A method for administering multiple-component therapies has beendescribed by Nayak and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,803,the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Nayak, multiple injection cannulas may beincorporated into a device wherein depth slots may be included forcontrolling the depth at which the therapeutic substance is deliveredwithin the tissue.

A surgical device for ablating a channel and delivering at least onetherapeutic agent into a desired region of the tissue has been describedby McIntyre et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,012,096,the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to McIntyre, multiple needles are incorporated intothe device which dispenses a therapeutic agent into a region of tissuesurrounding the channel and is particularly well suited fortransmyocardial revascularization operations.

Methods of treating functional disorders of the bladder in mammalianfemales have been described by Versi et al and are taught for example inU.S. Pat. No. 8,029,496, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. According to Versi, an array ofmicro-needles is incorporated into a device which delivers a therapeuticagent through the needles directly into the trigone of the bladder.

A device and a method for delivering fluid into a flexible biologicalbarrier have been described by Yeshurun et al and are taught for examplein U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,119 (device) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,007,466(method), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. According to Yeshurun, the micro-needles on the devicepenetrate and extend into the flexible biological barrier and fluid isinjected through the bore of the hollow micro-needles.

A method for epicardially injecting a substance into an area of tissueof a heart having an epicardial surface and disposed within a torso hasbeen described by Bonner et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat.No. 7,628,780, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. According to Bonner, the devices haveelongate shafts and distal injection heads for driving needles intotissue and injecting medical agents into the tissue through the needles.

A device for sealing a puncture has been described by Nielsen et al andis taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,972,358, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toNielsen, multiple needles are incorporated into the device whichdelivers a closure agent into the tissue surrounding the puncture tract.

A method for myogenesis and angiogenesis has been described by Chiu etal and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,338, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Chiu, 5 to 15 needles having a maximum diameter of at least 1.25 mmand a length effective to provide a puncture depth of 6 to 20 mm areincorporated into a device which inserts into proximity with amyocardium and supplies an exogeneous angiogenic or myogenic factor tosaid myocardium through the conduits which are in at least some of saidneedles.

A method for the treatment of prostate tissue has been described byBolmsj et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,270, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Bolmsj, a device comprising a catheter which isinserted through the urethra has at least one hollow tip extendible intothe surrounding prostate tissue. An astringent and analgesic medicine isadministered through said tip into said prostate tissue.

A method for infusing fluids to an intraosseous site has been describedby Findlay et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,726,the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Findlay, multiple needles are incorporated into adevice which is capable of penetrating a hard shell of material coveredby a layer of soft material and delivers a fluid at a predetermineddistance below said hard shell of material.

A device for injecting medications into a vessel wall has been describedby Vigil et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,863, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Vigil, multiple injectors are mounted on each ofthe flexible tubes in the device which introduces a medication fluidthrough a multi-lumen catheter, into said flexible tubes and out of saidinjectors for infusion into the vessel wall.

A catheter for delivering therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to thetissue surrounding a bodily passageway has been described by Faxon et aland is taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,395, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Faxon, at least one needle cannula is incorporated into the catheterwhich delivers the desired agents to the tissue through said needleswhich project outboard of the catheter.

Balloon catheters for delivering therapeutic agents have been describedby Orr and are taught for example in WO2010024871, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toOrr, multiple needles are incorporated into the devices which deliverthe therapeutic agents to different depths within the tissue.

Methods and Devices Utilizing Electrical Current

Methods and devices utilizing electric current may be employed todeliver the mmRNA of the present invention according to the split dosingregimens taught herein. Such methods and devices are described below.

An electro collagen induction therapy device has been described byMarquez and is taught for example in US Patent Publication 20090137945,the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. According to Marquez, multiple needles are incorporated intothe device which repeatedly pierce the skin and draw in the skin aportion of the substance which is applied to the skin first.

An electrokinetic system has been described by Etheredge et al and istaught for example in US Patent Publication 20070185432, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Etheredge, micro-needles are incorporated into a device which drivesby an electrical current the medication through the needles into thetargeted treatment site.

An iontophoresis device has been described by Matsumura et al and istaught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,437,189, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toMatsumura, multiple needles are incorporated into the device which iscapable of delivering ionizable drug into a living body at higher speedor with higher efficiency.

Intradermal delivery of biologically active agents by needle-freeinjection and electroporation has been described by Hoffmann et al andis taught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,264, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. According toHoffmann, one or more needle-free injectors are incorporated into anelectroporation device and the combination of needle-free injection andelectroporation is sufficient to introduce the agent into cells in skin,muscle or mucosa.

A method for electropermeabilization-mediated intracellular delivery hasbeen described by Lundkvist et al and is taught for example in U.S. Pat.No. 6,625,486, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. According to Lundkvist, a pair of needleelectrodes is incorporated into a catheter. Said catheter is positionedinto a body lumen followed by extending said needle electrodes topenetrate into the tissue surrounding said lumen. Then the deviceintroduces an agent through at least one of said needle electrodes andapplies electric field by said pair of needle electrodes to allow saidagent pass through the cell membranes into the cells at the treatmentsite.

A delivery system for transdermal immunization has been described byLevin et al and is taught for example in WO2006003659, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Levin, multiple electrodes are incorporated into the device whichapplies electrical energy between the electrodes to generate microchannels in the skin to facilitate transdermal delivery.

A method for delivering RF energy into skin has been described bySchomacker and is taught for example in WO2011163264, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Accordingto Schomacker, multiple needles are incorporated into a device whichapplies vacuum to draw skin into contact with a plate so that needlesinsert into skin through the holes on the plate and deliver RF energy.

Devices and Kits

Devices may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. Inone embodiment, a device is used to assess levels of a protein which hasbeen administered in the form of a modified mRNA. The device maycomprise a blood, urine or other biofluidic test. It may be as large asto include an automated central lab platform or a small decentralizedbench top device. It may be point of care or a handheld device. Thedevice may be useful in drug discovery efforts as a companiondiagnostic.

In some embodiments the device is self-contained, and is optionallycapable of wireless remote access to obtain instructions for synthesisand/or analysis of the generated nucleic acid. The device is capable ofmobile synthesis of at least one nucleic acid, and preferably anunlimited number of different nucleic acid sequences. In certainembodiments, the device is capable of being transported by one or asmall number of individuals. In other embodiments, the device is scaledto fit on a benchtop or desk. In other embodiments, the device is scaledto fit into a suitcase, backpack or similarly sized object. In furtherembodiments, the device is scaled to fit into a vehicle, such as a car,truck or ambulance, or a military vehicle such as a tank or personnelcarrier. The information necessary to generate a modified mRNA encodingprotein of interest is present within a computer readable medium presentin the device.

In some embodiments, the device is capable of communication (e.g.,wireless communication) with a database of nucleic acid and polypeptidesequences. The device contains at least one sample block for insertionof one or more sample vessels. Such sample vessels are capable ofaccepting in liquid or other form any number of materials such astemplate DNA, nucleotides, enzymes, buffers, and other reagents. Thesample vessels are also capable of being heated and cooled by contactwith the sample block. The sample block is generally in communicationwith a device base with one or more electronic control units for the atleast one sample block. The sample block preferably contains a heatingmodule, such heating molecule capable of heating and/or cooling thesample vessels and contents thereof to temperatures between about −20 Cand above +100 C. The device base is in communication with a voltagesupply such as a battery or external voltage supply. The device alsocontains means for storing and distributing the materials for RNAsynthesis.

Optionally, the sample block contains a module for separating thesynthesized nucleic acids. Alternatively, the device contains aseparation module operably linked to the sample block. Preferably thedevice contains a means for analysis of the synthesized nucleic acid.Such analysis includes sequence identity (demonstrated such as byhybridization), absence of non-desired sequences, measurement ofintegrity of synthesized mRNA (such has by microfluidic viscometrycombined with spectrophotometry), and concentration and/orpotency ofmodified RNA (such as by spectrophotometry).

In certain embodiments, the device is combined with a means fordetection of pathogens present in a biological material obtained from asubject, e.g., the IBIS PLEX-ID system (Abbott) for microbialidentification.

The present invention provides for devices which incorporate mmRNA thatencode proteins of interest. These devices may be implantable in ananimal subject or may supply mmRNA formulations via a catheter or lumen.The device may be connected to or incorporate a pump. Such devicesinclude those which can deliver therapeutics to areas of the body notreadily accessible such as the CNS or across the blood brain barrier. Inthis embodiment the split dosing regimen can be implemented using aregulated pump.

Kits

The invention provides a variety of kits for conveniently and/oreffectively carrying out methods of the present invention. Typicallykits will comprise sufficient amounts and/or numbers of components toallow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject(s) and/or toperform multiple experiments.

In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for proteinproduction, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising atranslatable region and a nucleic acid modification, wherein the nucleicacid may be capable of evading an innate immune response of a cell intowhich the first isolated nucleic acid may be introduced, and packagingand instructions. The kit may further comprise a delivery agent to forma formulation composition. The delivery composition may comprise alipidoid. The lipoid may be selected from, but is not limited to,C12-200, 98N12-5, MD1, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMAand analogs thereof.

In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for proteinproduction, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising atranslatable region and a nucleoside modification, wherein the nucleicacid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellular nuclease, and packagingand instructions.

In one aspect, the present invention provides kits for proteinproduction, comprising a first isolated nucleic acid comprising atranslatable region and at least two different nucleoside modifications,wherein the nucleic acid exhibits reduced degradation by a cellularnuclease, and packaging and instructions.

In some embodiments, kits would provide split doses or instructions forthe administration of split dosages of the mmRNA of the kit.

Definitions

At various places in the present specification, substituents ofcompounds of the present disclosure are disclosed in groups or inranges. It is specifically intended that the present disclosure includeeach and every individual subcombination of the members of such groupsand ranges. For example, the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intendedto individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl,and C₆ alkyl.

Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of theanimal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans at anystage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-humananimals at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, thenon-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit,a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig). In someembodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds,reptiles, amphibians, fish, and worms. In some embodiments, the animalis a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, or a clone.

Approximately: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” asapplied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that issimilar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term“approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%,6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than orless than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated orotherwise evident from the context (except where such number wouldexceed 100% of a possible value).

Associated with: As used herein, the terms “associated with,”“conjugated,” “linked,” “attached,” and “tethered,” when used withrespect to two or more moieties, means that the moieties are physicallyassociated or connected with one another, either directly or via one ormore additional moieties that serves as a linking agent, to form astructure that is sufficiently stable so that the moieties remainphysically associated under the conditions in which the structure isused, e.g., physiological conditions. An “association” need not bestrictly through direct covalent chemical bonding. It may also suggestionic or hydrogen bonding or a hybridization based connectivitysufficiently stable such that the “associated” entities remainphysically associated.

Bifunctional: As used herein, the term “bifunctional” refers to anysubstance, molecule or moiety which is capable of or maintains at leasttwo functions. The functions may effect the same outcome or a differentoutcome. The structure that produces the function may be the same ordifferent. For example, bifunctional modified RNAs of the presentinvention may encode a cytotoxic peptide (a first function) while thosenucleosides which comprise the encoding RNA are, in and of themselves,cytotoxic (second function). In this example, delivery of thebifunctional modified RNA to a cancer cell would produce not only apeptide or protein molecule which may ameliorate or treat the cancer butwould also deliver a cytotoxic payload of nucleosides to the cell shoulddegradation, instead of translation of the modified RNA, occur.

Biologically active: As used herein, the phrase “biologically active”refers to a characteristic of any substance that has activity in abiological system and/or organism. For instance, a substance that, whenadministered to an organism, has a biological affect on that organism,is considered to be biologically active. In particular embodiments, anucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be consideredbiologically active if even a portion of the nucleic acid molecule isbiologically active or mimics an activity considered biologicallyrelevant.

Chemical terms: As used herein, the term “alkyl” is meant to refer to asaturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched.Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g.,n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl),pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkylgroup can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 toabout 12, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, orfrom 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or moredouble carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkenyl groups include ethenyl,propenyl, and the like.

As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. Example alkoxygroups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy andisopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl, as defined above,containing at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.Alkenyls include both cis and trans isomers. Representative straightchain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl,2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl,2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and the like.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or moretriple carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkynyl groups include ethynyl,propynyl, and the like.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example,phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and thelike. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbonatoms.

As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, andiodo.

Compound: As used herein, the term “compound,” is meant to include allstereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of thestructures depicted.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one ormore stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers anddiastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of thepresent disclosure that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atomscan be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how toprepare optically active forms from optically active starting materialsare known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or bystereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N doublebonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds describedherein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the presentdisclosure. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of thepresent disclosure are described and may be isolated as a mixture ofisomers or as separated isomeric forms.

Compounds of the present disclosure also include tautomeric forms.Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with anadjacent double bond and the concomitant migration of a proton.Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomericprotonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge.Examples prototropic tautomers include ketone-enol pairs, amide-imidicacid pairs, lactam-lactim pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, enamine-iminepairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positionsof a heterocyclic system, such as, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole.Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into oneform by appropriate substitution.

Compounds of the present disclosure also include all of the isotopes ofthe atoms occurring in the intermediate or final compounds. “Isotopes”refers to atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbersresulting from a different number of neutrons in the nuclei. Forexample, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.

The compounds and salts of the present disclosure can be prepared incombination with solvent or water molecules to form solvates andhydrates by routine methods.

Conserved: As used herein, the term “conserved” refers to nucleotides oramino acid residues of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptidesequence, respectively, that are those that occur unaltered in the sameposition of two or more sequences being compared. Nucleotides or aminoacids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongstmore related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearingelsewhere in the sequences.

In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “completelyconserved” if they are 100% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” ifthey are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90%identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” ifthey are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical,about 95%, about 98%, or about 99% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if theyare at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50%identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80%identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to oneanother. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be“conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80%identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98%identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation ofsequence may apply to the entire length of an oligonucleotide orpolypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.

Delivery: As used herein, “delivery” refers to the act or manner ofdelivering a compound, substance, entity, moiety, cargo or payload.

Delivery Agent: As used herein, “delivery agent” refers to any substancewhich facilitates, at least in part, the in vivo delivery of a nucleicacid molecule to targeted cells.

Detectable label: As used herein, “detectable label” refers to one ormore markers, signals, or moieties which are attached, incorporated orassociated with another entity that is readily detected by methods knownin the art including radiography, fluorescence, chemiluminescence,enzymatic activity, absorbance and the like. Detectable labels includeradioisotopes, fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, dyes, metal ions,ligands such as biotin, avidin, strepavidin and haptens, quantum dots,and the like. Detectable labels may be located at any position in thepeptides or proteins disclosed herein. They may be within the aminoacids, the peptides, or proteins, or located at the N- or C-termini.

Distal: As used herein “distal” means farther from center mass or lineof symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is farther frombody.

Dosing regimen: As used herein, a “dosing regimen” is a schedule ofadministration or physician determined regimen of treatment,prophylaxis, or palliative care.

Dose splitting factor (DSF)-ratio of PUD of dose split treatment dividedby PUD of total daily dose or single unit dose. The value is derivedfrom comparison of dosing regimens groups.

Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequencerefers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an RNAtemplate from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing ofan RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or3′ end processing); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide orprotein; and (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide orprotein.

Formulation: As used herein, a “formulation” includes at least amodified nucleic acid molecule and a delivery agent.

Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is abiological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/oractivity by which it is characterized.

Homology: As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overallrelatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acidmolecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or betweenpolypeptide molecules. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules areconsidered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are atleast 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, atleast 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or atleast 99% identical. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules areconsidered to be “homologous” to one another if their sequences are atleast 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, atleast 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or atleast 99% similar. The term “homologous” necessarily refers to acomparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptidesequences).

In accordance with the invention, two polynucleotide sequences areconsidered to be homologous if the polypeptides they encode are at leastabout 50% identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 70%identical, at least about 80% identical, or at least about 90% identicalfor at least one stretch of at least about 20 amino acids.

In some embodiments, homologous polynucleotide sequences arecharacterized by the ability to encode a stretch of at least 4-5uniquely specified amino acids. For polynucleotide sequences less than60 nucleotides in length, homology is determined by the ability toencode a stretch of at least 4-5 uniquely specified amino acids. Inaccordance with the invention, two protein sequences are considered tobe homologous if the proteins are at least about 50% identical, at leastabout 60% identical, at least about 70% identical, at least about 80%identical, or at least about 90% identical for at least one stretch ofat least about 20 amino acids.

Identity: As used herein, the term “identity” refers to the overallrelatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between oligonucleotidemolecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or betweenpolypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percent identity of twopolynucleotide sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning thetwo sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can beintroduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleic acid sequencesfor optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded forcomparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a sequencealigned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. The nucleotides atcorresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position inthe first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as thecorresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules areidentical at that position. The percent identity between the twosequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared bythe sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length ofeach gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percentidentity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. For example, the percent identity between two nucleotidesequences can be determined using methods such as those described inComputational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford UniversityPress, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects,Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Sequence Analysis inMolecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; ComputerAnalysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G.,eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; and Sequence Analysis Primer,Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991;each of which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, thepercent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determinedusing the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4:11-17), whichhas been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) using aPAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gappenalty of 4. The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can,alternatively, be determined using the GAP program in the GCG softwarepackage using an NWSgapdna.CMP matrix. Methods commonly employed todetermine percent identity between sequences include, but are notlimited to those disclosed in Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM JApplied Math., 48:1073 (1988); incorporated herein by reference.Techniques for determining identity are codified in publicly availablecomputer programs. Exemplary computer software to determine homologybetween two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG programpackage, Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1), 387(1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA Atschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec.Biol., 215, 403 (1990)).

Inhibit expression of a gene: As used herein, the phrase “inhibitexpression of a gene” means to cause a reduction in the amount of anexpression product of the gene. The expression product can be an RNAtranscribed from the gene (e.g., an mRNA) or a polypeptide translatedfrom an mRNA transcribed from the gene. Typically a reduction in thelevel of an mRNA results in a reduction in the level of a polypeptidetranslated therefrom. The level of expression may be determined usingstandard techniques for measuring mRNA or protein.

In vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events thatoccur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reactionvessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within anorganism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).

In vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occurwithin an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissuethereof).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance orentity that has been separated from at least some of the components withwhich it was associated (whether in nature or in an experimentalsetting). Isolated substances may have varying levels of purity inreference to the substances from which they have been associated.Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from at least about10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%,about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which theywere initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are morethan about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%,about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, ormore than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it issubstantially free of other components. Substantially isolated: By“substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is substantiallyseparated from the environment in which it was formed or detected.Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched inthe compound of the present disclosure. Substantial separation caninclude compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%,at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at leastabout 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of thecompound of the present disclosure, or salt thereof. Methods forisolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.

Modified: As used herein “modified” refers to a changed state orstructure of a molecule of the invention. Molecules may be modified inmany ways including chemically, structurally, and functionally. In oneembodiment, the mRNA molecules of the present invention are modified bythe introduction of non-natural nucleosides and/or nucleotides.Modified, as it pertains to a modified mRNA may also mean any alterationwhich is different from the wild type.

Naturally occurring: As used herein, “naturally occurring” meansexisting in nature without artificial aid.

Patient: As used herein, “patient” refers to a subject who may seek orbe in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment,will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trainedprofessional for a particular disease or condition.

Peptide: As used herein, “peptide” is less than or equal to 50 aminoacids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 aminoacids long.

Prodrug: The present disclosure also includes prodrugs of the compoundsdescribed herein. As used herein, “prodrugs” refer to any substance,molecule or entity which is in a form predicate for that substance,molecule or entity to act as a therapeutic upon chemical or physicalalteration. Prodrugs may by covalently bonded or sequestested in someway and which release or are converted into the active drug moiety priorto, upon or after administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs can beprepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in sucha way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulationor in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugs include compounds whereinhydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any groupthat, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a freehydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively. Preparationand use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugsas Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, andin Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Proliferate: As used herein, the term “proliferate” means to grow,expand or increase or cause to grow, expand or increase rapidly.“Proliferative” means having the ability to proliferate.“Anti-proliferative” means having properties counter to or inapposite toproliferative properties.

Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” isemployed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions,and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medicaljudgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beingsand animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response,or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts: The present disclosure also includespharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. Asused herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivativesof the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified byconverting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkalior organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and thelike. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosureinclude the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed,for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Thepharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can besynthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidicmoiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can beprepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds witha stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or inan organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueousmedia like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrileare preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton,Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977),each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Polypeptide: As used herein, “polypeptide” means a polymer of amino acidresidues linked together by peptide bonds. The term, as used herein,refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure,or function. Typically, however, a polypeptide will be at least 50 aminoacids long. In some instances the polypeptide encoded is smaller thanabout 50 amino acids and the polypeptide is termed a peptide. If thepolypeptide is a peptide, it will be at least about 5 amino acidresidues long. Thus, polypeptides include gene products, naturallyoccurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs, orthologs,paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, and analogs of theforegoing. A polypeptide may be a single molecule or may be amulti-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer. The termpolypeptide may also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or moreamino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of acorresponding naturally occurring amino acid.

Polypeptide per unit drug (PUD): As used herein, a PUD or product perunit drug, is defined as a subdivided portion of total daily dose,usually 1 mg, pg, kg, etc., of a product (such as a polypeptide) asmeasured in body fluid or tissue, usually defined in concentration suchas pmol/mL, mmol/mL, etc divided by the measure in the body fluid.

Proximal: As used herein, “proximal” means closer to center mass or lineof symmetry of subject or reference point. For limbs, it is closer tobody.

Sample: As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a subset of itstissues, cells or component parts (e.g. body fluids, including but notlimited to peripheral blood, serum, plasma, ascites, urine,cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid,aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolarlavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatoryfluid, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural andperitoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile,interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions,mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids fromsinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, andumbilical cord blood). A sample further may include a homogenate, lysateor extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues,cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, includingbut not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymphfluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, andgenitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs.A sample further refers to a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel,which may contain cellular components, such as proteins or nucleic acidmolecule.

Similarity: As used herein, the term “similarity” refers to the overallrelatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotidemolecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or betweenpolypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymericmolecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as acalculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percentsimilarity takes into account conservative substitutions as isunderstood in the art.

Stable: As used herein “stable” refers to a compound that issufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purityfrom a reaction mixture, and preferably capable of formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent.

Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to anyorganism to which a composition in accordance with the invention may beadministered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/ortherapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammalssuch as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and humans) and/orplants.

Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to thequalitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degreeof a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill inthe biological arts will understand that biological and chemicalphenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed tocompleteness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term“substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lackof completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

Substantially equal: As used herein as it relates to time differencesbetween doses, the term means plus/minus 2%.

Substantially simultaneously: As used herein and as it relates toplurality of doses, the term means within 2 seconds.

Simultaneously: As used herein, “simultaneously” means within scientificreproducibility, at same time.

Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease,disorder, and/or condition has been diagnosed with or displays one ormore symptoms of a disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Susceptible to: An individual who is “susceptible to” a disease,disorder, and/or condition has not been diagnosed with and/or may notexhibit symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition but harborsa propensity to develop a disease or its symptoms. In some embodiments,an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/orcondition (for example, cancer) may be characterized by one or more ofthe following: (1) a genetic mutation associated with development of thedisease, disorder, and/or condition; (2) a genetic polymorphismassociated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition;(3) increased and/or decreased expression and/or activity of a proteinand/or nucleic acid associated with the disease, disorder, and/orcondition; (4) habits and/or lifestyles associated with development ofthe disease, disorder, and/or condition; (5) a family history of thedisease, disorder, and/or condition; and (6) exposure to and/orinfection with a microbe associated with development of the disease,disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who issusceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will develop thedisease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individualwho is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will notdevelop the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Synthetic: The term “synthetic” means produced, prepared, and/ormanufactured by the hand of man. Synthesis of polynucleotides orpolypeptides or other molecules of the present invention may be chemicalor enzymatic.

Single unit dose: As used herein, a “single unit dose” is a dose of anytherapeutic administered in one dose/at one time/single route/singlepoint of contact, i.e., single administration event.

Total daily dose: As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amountgiven or prescribed in 24 hr period. It may be administered as a singleunit dose.

Split dose: As used herein, a “split dose” is the division of singleunit dose or total daily dose into two or more doses.

Targeted Cells: As used herein, “targeted cells” refers to any one ormore cells of interest. The cells may be found in vitro, in vivo, insitu or in the tissue or organ of an organism. The organism may be ananimal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human and most preferablya patient.

Therapeutic Agent: The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agentthat, when administered to a subject, has a therapeutic, diagnostic,and/or prophylactic effect and/or elicits a desired biological and/orpharmacological effect.

Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term“therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of an agent to bedelivered (e.g., nucleic acid, drug, therapeutic agent, diagnosticagent, prophylactic agent, etc.) that is sufficient, when administeredto a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder,and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose, prevent,and/or delay the onset of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Transcription factor: As used herein, the term “transcription factor”refers to a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of DNA intoRNA, for example, by activation or repression of transcription. Sometranscription factors effect regulation of transcription alone, whileothers act in concert with other proteins. Some transcription factor canboth activate and repress transcription under certain conditions. Ingeneral, transcription factors bind a specific target sequence orsequences highly similar to a specific consensus sequence in aregulatory region of a target gene. Transcription factors may regulatetranscription of a target gene alone or in a complex with othermolecules.

Treating: As used herein, the term “treating” refers to partially orcompletely alleviating, ameliorating, improving, relieving, delayingonset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/orreducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particulardisease, disorder, and/or condition. For example, “treating” cancer mayrefer to inhibiting survival, growth, and/or spread of a tumor.Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs ofa disease, disorder, and/or condition and/or to a subject who exhibitsonly early signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition for thepurpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated withthe disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Unmodified: As used herein, “unmodified” refers to any substance,compound or molecule prior to being changed in any way. Unmodified may,but does not always, refer to the wild type or native form of abiomolecule. Molecules may undergo a series of modifications wherebyeach modified molecule may serve as the “unmodified” starting moleculefor a subsequent modification.

Equivalents and Scope

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments in accordance with the invention described herein. The scopeof the present invention is not intended to be limited to the aboveDescription, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.

In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one ormore than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident fromthe context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one ormore members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one,or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwiserelevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contraryor otherwise evident from the context. The invention includesembodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in,employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Theinvention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of thegroup members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to agiven product or process.

It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open andpermits the inclusion of additional elements or steps.

Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to beunderstood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from thecontext and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, valuesthat are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrangewithin the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, tothe tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise.

In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment ofthe present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitlyexcluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments aredeemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may beexcluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Anyparticular embodiment of the compositions of the invention (e.g., anynucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; anymethod of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, forany reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms include the pluralreference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, allnumbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions usedherein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term“about.”

All patents, oligonucleotide sequences identified by gene identificationnumbers, and other publications identified herein are expresslyincorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing,for example, the methodologies described in such publications that mightbe used in connection with the present invention. These publications areprovided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of thepresent application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as anadmission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate suchdisclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. Allstatements as to the date or representation as to the contents of thesedocuments is based on the information available to the applicants anddoes not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates orcontents of these documents.

All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases,database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into thisapplication by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation.In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instantapplication, the statement in the instant application shall control.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Modified mRNA Production

Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) according to the invention may be made usingstandard laboratory methods and materials. The open reading frame (ORF)of the gene of interest may be flanked by a 5′ untranslated region (UTR)which may contain a strong Kozak translational initiation signal and/oran alpha-globin 3′ UTR which may include an oligo(dT) sequence fortemplated addition of a poly-A tail. The modified mRNAs may be modifiedto reduce the cellular innate immune response. The modifications toreduce the cellular response may include pseudouridine (ψ) and5-methyl-cytidine (5meC or m⁵C). (see, Kariko K et al. Immunity23:165-75 (2005), Kariko K et al. Mol Ther 16:1833-40 (2008), Anderson BR et al. NAR (2010); herein incorporated by reference).

The ORF may also include various upstream or downstream additions (suchas, but not limited to, β-globin, tags, etc.) may be ordered from anoptimization service such as, but limited to, DNA2.0 (Menlo Park,Calif.) and may contain multiple cloning sites which may have XbaIrecognition. Upon receipt of the construct, it may be reconstituted andtransformed into chemically competent E. coli.

For the present invention, NEB DH5-alpha Competent E. coli are used.Transformations are performed according to NEB instructions using 100 ngof plasmid. The protocol is as follows:

-   -   1. Thaw a tube of NEB 5-alpha Competent E. coli cells on ice for        10 minutes.    -   2. Add 1-5 μl containing 1 pg-100 ng of plasmid DNA to the cell        mixture. Carefully flick the tube 4-5 times to mix cells and        DNA. Do not vortex.    -   3. Place the mixture on ice for 30 minutes. Do not mix.    -   4. Heat shock at 42° C. for exactly 30 seconds. Do not mix.    -   5. Place on ice for 5 minutes. Do not mix.    -   6. Pipette 950 μl of room temperature SOC into the mixture.    -   7. Place at 37° C. for 60 minutes. Shake vigorously (250 rpm) or        rotate.    -   8. Warm selection plates to 37° C.    -   9. Mix the cells thoroughly by flicking the tube and inverting.    -   10. Spread 50-100 μl of each dilution onto a selection plate and        incubate overnight at 37° C. Alternatively, incubate at 30° C.        for 24-36 hours or 25° C. for 48 hours.

A single colony is then used to inoculate 5 ml of LB growth media usingthe appropriate antibiotic and then allowed to grow (250 RPM, 37° C.)for 5 hours. This is then used to inoculate a 200 ml culture medium andallowed to grow overnight under the same conditions.

To isolate the plasmid (up to 850 μg), a maxi prep is performed usingthe Invitrogen PURELINK™ HiPure Maxiprep Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.),following the manufacturer's instructions.

In order to generate cDNA for In Vitro Transcription (IVT), the plasmid(an Example of which is shown in FIG. 2) is first linearized using arestriction enzyme such as XbaI. A typical restriction digest with XbaIwill comprise the following: Plasmid 1.0 μg; 10× Buffer 1.0 μl; XbaI 1.5μl; dH₂O up to 10 μl; incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. If performing at labscale (<5 μg), the reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™PCR Micro Kit (Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions. Largerscale purifications may need to be done with a product that has a largerload capacity such as Invitrogen's standard PURELINK™ PCR Kit (Carlsbad,Calif.). Following the cleanup, the linearized vector is quantifiedusing the NanoDrop and analyzed to confirm linearization using agarosegel electrophoresis.

As a non-limiting example, G-CSF may represent the polypeptide ofinterest. Sequences used in the steps outlined in Examples 1-5 are shownin Table 2. It should be noted that the start codon (ATG) has beenunderlined in each sequence of Table 2.

TABLE 2 G-CSF Sequences SEQ ID NO Description 1 cDNAsequence:ATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCAGCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCCCCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGCTTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGAGAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGGAGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTGAGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCAACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGGAAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTGGACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACTGGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCTTCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCCCATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCTTGCCCAGCCCTGA 2cDNA having T7 polymerase site and Xba restriction site:TTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAATAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACCATGGCTGGACCTGCCACCCAGAGCCCCATGAAGCTGATGGCCCTGCAGCTGCTGCTGTGGCACAGTGCACTCTGGACAGTGCAGGAAGCCACCCCCCTGGGCCCTGCCAGCTCCCTGCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGCTCAAGTGCTTAGAGCAAGTGAGGAAGATCCAGGGCGATGGCGCAGCGCTCCAGGAGAAGCTGGTGAGTGAGTGTGCCACCTACAAGCTGTGCCACCCCGAGGAGCTGGTGCTGCTCGGACACTCTCTGGGCATCCCCTGGGCTCCCCTGAGCAGCTGCCCCAGCCAGGCCCTGCAGCTGGCAGGCTGCTTGAGCCAACTCCATAGCGGCCTTTTCCTCTACCAGGGGCTCCTGCAGGCCCTGGAAGGGATCTCCCCCGAGTTGGGTCCCACCTTGGACACACTGCAGCTGGACGTCGCCGACTTTGCCACCACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAAGAACTGGGAATGGCCCCTGCCCTGCAGCCCACCCAGGGTGCCATGCCGGCCTTCGCCTCTGCTTTCCAGCGCCGGGCAGGAGGGGTCCTGGTTGCCTCCCATCTGCAGAGCTTCCTGGAGGTGTCGTACCGCGTTCTACGCCACCTTGCCCAGCCCTGAAGCGCTGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCATGCCCTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGCCTGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCATCTAGA 3Optimized sequence; containing T7 polymerase site and Xba restriction siteTTGGACCCTCGTACAGAAGCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAATAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGTAAGAAGAAATATAAGAGCCACCATGGCCCTGCAGTTGCTGCTTTGGCACTCGGCCCTCTGGACAGTCCAAGAAGCGACTCCTCTCGGACCTGCCTCATCGTTGCCGCAGTCATTCCTTTTGAAGTGTCTGGAGCAGGTGCGAAAGATTCAGGGCGATGGAGCCGCACTCCAAGAGAAGCTCTGCGCGACATACAAACTTTGCCATCCCGAGGAGCTCGTACTGCTCGGGCACAGCTTGGGGATTCCCTGGGCTCCTCTCTCGTCCTGTCCGTCGCAGGCTTTGCAGTTGGCAGGGTGCCTTTCCCAGCTCCACTCCGGTTTGTTCTTGTATCAGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCCTTGAGGGAATCTCGCCAGAATTGGGCCCGACGCTGGACACGTTGCAGCTCGACGTGGCGGATTTCGCAACAACCATCTGGCAGCAGATGGAGGAACTGGGGATGGCACCCGCGCTGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAATGCCGGCCTTTGCGTCCGCGTTTCAGCGCAGGGCGGGTGGAGTCCTCGTAGCGAGCCACCTTCAATCATTTTTGGAAGTCTCGTACCGGGTGCTGAGACATCTTGCGCAGCCGTGAGCCTTCTGCGGGGCTTGCCTTCTGGCCATGCCCTTCTTCTCTCCCTTGCACCTGTACCTCTTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGCCTGAGTAGGAAGGCGGCCGCTCGAGCATGCA 4mRNA sequence (transcribed)CUCACUAUAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGAG CCACCAAUGGCCCUGCAGUUGCUGCUUUGGCACUCGGCCCUCUGGACAGUCCAAGAAGCGACUCCUCUCGGACCUGCCUCAUCGUUGCCGCAGUCAUUCCUUUUGAAGUGUCUGGAGCAGGUGCGAAAGAUUCAGGGCGAUGGAGCCGCACUCCAAGAGAAGCUCUGCGCGACAUACAAACUUUGCCAUCCCGAGGAGCUCGUACUGCUCGGGCACAGCUUGGGGAUUCCCUGGGCUCCUCUCUCGUCCUGUCCGUCGCAGGCUUUGCAGUUGGCAGGGUGCCUUUCCCAGCUCCACUCCGGUUUGUUCUUGUAUCAGGGACUGCUGCAAGCCCUUGAGGGAAUCUCGCCAGAAUUGGGCCCGACGCUGGACACGUUGCAGCUCGACGUGGCGGAUUUCGCAACAACCAUCUGGCAGCAGAUGGAGGAACUGGGGAUGGCACCCGCGCUGCAGCCCACGCAGGGGGCAAUGCCGGCCUUUGCGUCCGCGUUUCAGCGCAGGGCGGGUGGAGUCCUCGUAGCGAGCCACCUUCAAUCAUUUUUGGAAGUCUCGUACCGGGUGCUGAGACAUCUUGCGCAGCCGUGAGCCUUCUGCGGGGCUUGCCUUCUGGCCAUGCCCUUCUUCUCUCCCUUGCACCUGUACCUCUUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCCUGAGUAGGAAGGCGG CCGCUCGAGCAUGCAU

Example 2: PCR for cDNA Production

PCR procedures for the preparation of cDNA are performed using 2×KAPAHIFI™ HotStart ReadyMix by Kapa Biosystems (Woburn, Mass.). This systemincludes 2×KAPA ReadyMix12.5 μl; Forward Primer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; ReversePrimer (10 uM) 0.75 μl; Template cDNA 100 ng; and dH₂O diluted to 25.0μl. The reaction conditions are at 95° C. for 5 min. and 25 cycles of98° C. for 20 sec, then 58° C. for 15 sec, then 72° C. for 45 sec, then72° C. for 5 min. then 4° C. to termination.

The reverse primer of the instant invention incorporates a poly-T₁₂₀ fora poly-A₁₂₀ in the mRNA. Other reverse primers with longer or shorterpoly(T) tracts can be used to adjust the length of the poly(A) tail inthe mRNA.

The reaction is cleaned up using Invitrogen's PURELINK™ PCR Micro Kit(Carlsbad, Calif.) per manufacturer's instructions (up to 5 μg). Largerreactions will require a cleanup using a product with a larger capacity.Following the cleanup, the cDNA is quantified using the NanoDrop andanalyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the cDNA is theexpected size. The cDNA is then submitted for sequencing analysis beforeproceeding to the in vitro transcription reaction.

Example 3. In Vitro Transcription (IVT)

The in vitro transcription reaction generates mRNA containing modifiednucleotides or modified RNA. The input nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) mixis made in-house using natural and un-natural NTPs.

A typical in vitro transcription reaction includes the following:

1. Template cDNA 1.0 μg 2. 10x transcription buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl pH2.0 μl 8.0, 190 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM DTT, 10 mM Spermidine) 3. Custom NTPs(25 mM each) 7.2 μl 4. RNase Inhibitor 20 U 5. T7 RNA polymerase 3000 U6. dH₂0 Up to 20.0 μl. and 7. Incubation at 37° C. for 3 hr-5 hrs.

The crude IVT mix may be stored at 4° C. overnight for cleanup the nextday. 1 U of RNase-free DNase is then used to digest the originaltemplate. After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the mRNA is purifiedusing Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.) following themanufacturer's instructions. This kit can purify up to 500 μg of RNA.Following the cleanup, the RNA is quantified using the NanoDrop andanalyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the propersize and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred.

Example 4. Enzymatic Capping of mRNA

Capping of the mRNA is performed as follows where the mixture includes:IVT RNA 60 μg-180 μg and dH₂O up to 72 μl. The mixture is incubated at65° C. for 5 minutes to denature RNA, and then is transferredimmediately to ice.

The protocol then involves the mixing of 10× Capping Buffer (0.5 MTris-HCl (pH 8.0), 60 mM KCl, 12.5 mM MgCl₂) (10.0 μl); 20 mM GTP (5.0μl); 20 mM S-Adenosyl Methionine (2.5 μl); RNase Inhibitor (100 U);2′-O-Methyltransferase (400 U); Vaccinia capping enzyme (Guanylyltransferase) (40 U); dH₂O (Up to 28 μl); and incubation at 37° C. for 30minutes for 60 μg RNA or up to 2 hours for 180 μg of RNA.

The mRNA is then purified using Ambion's MEGACLEAR™ Kit (Austin, Tex.)following the manufacturer's instructions. Following the cleanup, theRNA is quantified using the NANODROP™ (ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass.) andanalyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the RNA is the propersize and that no degradation of the RNA has occurred. The RNA productmay also be sequenced by running a reverse-transcription-PCR to generatethe cDNA for sequencing.

Example 5. PolyA Tailing Reaction

Without a poly-T in the cDNA, a poly-A tailing reaction must beperformed before cleaning the final product. This is done by mixingCapped IVT RNA (100 μl); RNase Inhibitor (20 U); 10× Tailing Buffer (0.5M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM MgCl₂)(12.0 μl); 20 mM ATP (6.0μl); Poly-A Polymerase (20 U); dH₂O up to 123.5 μl and incubation at 37°C. for 30 min. If the poly-A tail is already in the transcript, then thetailing reaction may be skipped and proceed directly to cleanup withAmbion's MEGACLEAR™ kit (Austin, Tex.) (up to 500 μg). Poly-A Polymeraseis preferably a recombinant enzyme expressed in yeast.

For studies performed and described herein, the poly-A tail is encodedin the IVT template to comprise 160 nucleotides in length. However, itshould be understood that the processivity or integrity of the Poly-Atailing reaction may not always result in exactly 160 nucleotides. HencePoly-A tails of approximately 160 nucleotides, e.g, about 150-165, 155,156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 or 165 are within the scopeof the invention.

Example 6. Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids

5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed concomitantly during the invitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA capanalogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according tomanufacturer protocols: 3′-O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′) G [the ARCA cap];G(5′)ppp(5′)A; G(5′)ppp(5′)G; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)A; m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (NewEngland BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.). 5′-capping of modified RNA may becompleted post-transcriptionally using a Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzymeto generate the “Cap 0” structure: m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (New England BioLabs,Ipswich, Mass.). Cap 1 structure may be generated using both VacciniaVirus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate:m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G-2′-O-methyl. Cap 2 structure may be generated from theCap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Cap 3structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the2′-O-methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-Omethyl-transferase. Enzymes are preferably derived from a recombinantsource.

When transfected into mammalian cells, the modified mRNAs have astability of between 12-18 hours or more than 18 hours, e.g., 24, 36,48, 60, 72 or greater than 72 hours.

Example 7. Capping

A. Protein Expression Assay

Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1)containing the ARCA (3′ O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G) cap analog or the Cap1structure can be transfected into human primary keratinocytes at equalconcentrations. 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours post-transfection the amount ofG-CSF secreted into the culture medium can be assayed by ELISA.Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels of G-CSF into the mediumwould correspond to a synthetic mRNA with a highertranslationally-competent Cap structure.

B. Purity Analysis Synthesis

mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) containing theARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure crude synthesis products can becompared for purity using denaturing Agarose-Urea gel electrophoresis orHPLC analysis. Synthetic mRNAs with a single, consolidated band byelectrophoresis correspond to the higher purity product compared to asynthetic mRNA with multiple bands or streaking bands. Synthetic mRNAswith a single HPLC peak would also correspond to a higher purityproduct. The capping reaction with a higher efficiency would provide amore pure mRNA population.

C. Cytokine Analysis

Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1)containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be transfectedinto human primary keratinocytes at multiple concentrations. 6, 12, 24and 36 hours post-transfection the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokinessuch as TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secreted into the culture medium can beassayed by ELISA. Synthetic mRNAs that secrete higher levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines into the medium would correspond to asynthetic mRNA containing an immune-activating cap structure.

D. Capping Reaction Efficiency

Synthetic mRNAs encoding human G-CSF (cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1)containing the ARCA cap analog or the Cap1 structure can be analyzed forcapping reaction efficiency by LC-MS after capped mRNA nucleasetreatment. Nuclease treatment of capped mRNAs would yield a mixture offree nucleotides and the capped 5′-5-triphosphate cap structuredetectable by LC-MS. The amount of capped product on the LC-MS spectracan be expressed as a percent of total mRNA from the reaction and wouldcorrespond to capping reaction efficiency. The cap structure with ahigher capping reaction efficiency would have a higher amount of cappedproduct by LC-MS.

Example 8. Formulation of Modified mRNA Using Lipidoids

Modified mRNAs (mmRNA) are formulated for in vitro experiments by mixingthe mmRNA with the lipidoid at a set ratio prior to addition to cells.In vivo formulation may require the addition of extra ingredients tofacilitate circulation throughout the body. To test the ability of theselipidoids to form particles suitable for in vivo work, a standardformulation process used for siRNA-lipidoid formulations was used as astarting point. Initial mmRNA-lipidoid formulations may consist ofparticles composed of 42% lipidoid, 48% cholesterol and 10% PEG, withfurther optimization of ratios possible. After formation of theparticle, mmRNA is added and allowed to integrate with the complex. Theencapsulation efficiency is determined using a standard dye exclusionassays.

Materials and Methods for Examples 9-13

A. Lipid Synthesis

Six lipids, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 andDLin-MC3-DMA, were synthesized by methods outlined in the art in orderto be formulated with modified RNA. DLin-DMA and precursors weresynthesized as described in Heyes et. al, J. Control Release, 2005, 107,276-287. DLin-K-DMA and DLin-KC2-DMA and precursors were synthesized asdescribed in Semple et. al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010, 28, 172-176.98N12-5 and precursor were synthesized as described in Akinc et. al,Nature Biotechnology, 2008, 26, 561-569.

C12-200 and precursors were synthesized according to the method outlinedin Love et. al, PNAS, 2010, 107, 1864-1869. 2-epoxydodecane (5.10 g,27.7 mmol, 8.2 eq) was added to a vial containing Amine 200 (0.723 g,3.36 mmol, 1 eq) and a stirring bar. The vial was sealed and warmed to80° C. The reaction was stirred for 4 days at 80° C. Then the mixturewas purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from puredichloromethane (DCM) to DCM:MeOH 98:2. The target compound was furtherpurified by RP-HPLC to afford the desired compound.

DLin-MC3-DMA and precursors were synthesized according to proceduresdescribed in WO 2010054401 herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety. A mixture of dilinoleyl methanol (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq),N,N-dimethylaminobutyric acid (1.5 g, 2.8 mmol, 1 eq), DIPEA (0.73 mL,4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) and TBTU (1.35 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) in 10 mL of DMFwas stirred for 10 h at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture wasdiluted in ether and washed with water. The organic layer was dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated under reducedpressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatographyusing a gradient DCM to DCM:MeOH 98:2. Subsequently the target compoundwas subjected to an additional RP-HPLC purification which was done usinga YMC—Pack C4 column to afford the target compound.

B. Formulation of Modified RNA Nanoparticles

Solutions of synthesized lipid, 1,2-distearoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine(DSPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), cholesterol(Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), andα-[3′-(1,2-dimyristoyl-3-propanoxy)-carboxamide-propyl]-ω-methoxy-polyoxyethylene(PEG-c-DOMG) (NOF, Bouwelven, Belgium) were prepared at concentrationsof 50 mM in ethanol and stored at −20° C. The lipids were combined toyield molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 (Lipid: DSPC: Cholesterol:PEG-c-DOMG) and diluted with ethanol to a final lipid concentration of25 mM. Solutions of modified mRNA at a concentration of 1-2 mg/mL inwater were diluted in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer at a pH of 3 to form astock modified mRNA solution. Formulations of the lipid and modifiedmRNA were prepared by combining the synthesized lipid solution with themodified mRNA solution at total lipid to modified mRNA weight ratio of10:1, 15:1, 20:1 and 30:1. The lipid ethanolic solution was rapidlyinjected into aqueous modified mRNA solution to afford a suspensioncontaining 33% ethanol. The solutions were injected either manually (MI)or by the aid of a syringe pump (SP) (Harvard Pump 33 Dual Syringe PumpHarvard Apparatus Holliston, Mass.).

To remove the ethanol and to achieve the buffer exchange, theformulations were dialyzed twice against phosphate buffered saline(PBS), pH 7.4 at volumes 200-times of the primary product using aSlide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Rockford, Ill.)with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 10 kD. The first dialysis wascarried at room temperature for 3 hours and then the formulations weredialyzed overnight at 4° C. The resulting nanoparticle suspension wasfiltered through 0.2 μm sterile filter (Sarstedt, Niimbrecht, Germany)into glass vials and sealed with a crimp closure.

C. Characterization of Formulations

A Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire,UK) was used to determine the particle size, the polydispersity index(PDI) and the zeta potential of the modified mRNA nanoparticles in 1×PBSin determining particle size and 15 mM PBS in determining zetapotential.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrationof modified mRNA nanoparticle formulation. 100 μL of the dilutedformulation in 1×PBS was added to 900 μL of a 4:1 (v/v) mixture ofmethanol and chloroform. After mixing, the absorbance spectrum of thesolution was recorded between 230 nm and 330 nm on a DU 800spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea,Calif.). The modified RNA concentration in the nanoparticle formulationwas calculated based on the extinction coefficient of the modified RNAused in the formulation and on the difference between the absorbance ata wavelength of 260 nm and the baseline value at a wavelength of 330 nm.

QUANT-IT™ RIBOGREEN® RNA assay (Invitrogen Corporation Carlsbad, Calif.)was used to evaluate the encapsulation of modified RNA by thenanoparticle. The samples were diluted to a concentration ofapproximately 5 μg/mL in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5).50 μL of the diluted samples were transferred to a polystyrene 96 wellplate, then either 50 μL of TE buffer or 50 μL of a 2% Triton X-100solution was added. The plate was incubated at a temperature of 37° C.for 15 minutes. The RIBOGREEN® reagent was diluted 1:100 in TE buffer,100 μL of this solution was added to each well. The fluorescenceintensity was measured using a fluorescence plate reader (Wallac Victor1420 Multilablel Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.) at an excitationwavelength of ˜480 nm and an emission wavelength of ˜520 nm. Thefluorescence values of the reagent blank were subtracted from that ofeach of the samples and the percentage of free modified RNA wasdetermined by dividing the fluorescence intensity of the intact sample(without addition of Triton X-100) by the fluorescence value of thedisrupted sample (caused by the addition of Triton X-100).

D. In Vitro Incubation

Human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293) and hepatocellular carcinomaepithelial (HepG2) cells (LGC standards GmbH, Wesel, Germany) wereseeded on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany)and plates for HEK293 cells were precoated with collagen type1. HEK293were seeded at a density of 30,000 and HepG2 were seeded at a density of35,000 cells per well in 100 μl cell culture medium. For HEK293 the cellculture medium was DMEM, 10% FCS, adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mMSodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin,Germany) and 1.2 mg/ml Sodiumbicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich,Germany) and for HepG2 the culture medium was MEM (Gibco LifeTechnologies, Darmstadt, Germany), 10% FCS adding 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mMSodiumpyruvate and 1× non-essential amino acids (Biochrom AG, Berlin,Germany. Formulations containing mCherry mRNA (mRNA sequence shown inSEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown insequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) were added in quadruplicates directly afterseeding the cells and incubated. The mCherry cDNA with the T7 promoter,5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR used in in vitro transcription(IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 6.

Cells were harvested by transferring the culture media supernatants to a96-well Pro-Bind U-bottom plate (Beckton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg,Germany). Cells were trypsinized with ½ volume Trypsin/EDTA (BiochromAG, Berlin, Germany), pooled with respective supernatants and fixed byadding one volume PBS/2% FCS (both Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany)/0.5%formaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples then were submitted toa flow cytometer measurement with a 532 nm excitation laser and the610/20 filter for PE-Texas Red in a LSRII cytometer (Beckton DickinsonGmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of allevents and the standard deviation of four independent wells arepresented in for samples analyzed.

Example 9. Purification on Nanoparticle Formulations

Nanoparticle formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 in HEK293 andHepG2 were tested to determine if the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI)was dependent on the lipid to modified RNA ratio and/or purification.Three formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and two formulations of 98N12-5 wereproduced using a syringe pump to the specifications described in Table3. Purified samples were purified by SEPHADEX™ G-25 DNA grade (GEHealthcare, Sweden). Each formulation before and after purification (aP)were tested at concentration of 250 ng modified RNA per well in a 24well plate. The percentage of cells that are positive for the marker forFL4 channel (% FL4-positive) when analyzed by the flow cytometer foreach formulation and the background sample are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B,and the MFI of the marker for the FL4 channel for each formulation andthe background sample are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The formulationswhich had been purified had a slightly higher MFI than thoseformulations tested before purification.

TABLE 3 Formulations Formulation # Lipid Lipid/RNA wt/wt Mean size (nm)NPA-001-1 DLin-KC2-DMA 10 155 nm PDI: 0.08 NPA-001-1 aP DLin-KC2-DMA 10141 nm PDI: 0.14 NPA-002-1 DLin-KC2-DMA 15 140 nm PDI: 0.11 NPA-002-1 aPDLin-KC2-DMA 15 125 nm PDI: 0.12 NPA-003-1 DLin-KC2-DMA 20 114 nm PDI:0.08 NPA-003-1 aP DLin-KC2-DMA 20 104 nm PDI: 0.06 NPA-005-1 98N12-5 15127 nm PDI: 0.12 NPA-005-1 aP 98N12-5 15 134 nm PDI: 0.17 NPA-006-198N12 20 126 nm PDI: 0.08 NPA-006-1 aP 98N12 20 118 nm PDI: 0.13

Example 10. Concentration Response Curve

Nanoparticle formulations of 98N12-5 (NPA-005) and DLin-KC2-DMA(NPA-003) were tested at varying concentrations to determine the MFI ofFL4 or mCherry (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) overa range of doses. The formulations tested are outlined in Table 4. Todetermine the optimal concentration of nanoparticle formulations of98N12-5, varying concentrations of formulated modified RNA (100 ng, 10ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well) were tested in a 24-well plateof HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG.5A. Likewise, to determine the optimal concentration of nanoparticleformulations of DLin-KC2-DMA, varying concentrations of formulatedmodified RNA (250 ng 100 ng, 10 ng, 1.0 ng, 0.1 ng and 0.01 ng per well)were tested in a 24-well plate of HEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFIof each dose are shown in FIG. 5B. Nanoparticle formulations ofDLin-KC2-DMA were also tested at varying concentrations of formulatedmodified RNA (250 ng, 100 ng and 30 ng per well) in a 24 well plate ofHEK293, and the results of the FL4 MFI of each dose are shown in FIG.5C. A dose of 1 ng/well for 98N12-5 and a dose of 10 ng/well forDLin-K2-DMA were found to resemble the FL4 MFI of the background.

To determine how close the concentrations resembled the background, weutilized a flow cytometer with optimized filter sets for detection ofmCherry expression, and were able to obtain results with increasedsensitivity relative to background levels. Doses of 25 ng/well, 0.25ng/well, 0.025 ng/well and 0.0025 ng/well were analyzed for 98N12-5(NPA-005) and DLin-K2-DMA (NPA-003) to determine the MFI of mCherry. Asshown in Table 5, the concentration of 0.025 ng/well and lesserconcentrations are similar to the background MFI level of mCherry whichis about 386.125.

TABLE 4 Formulations Formulation # NPA-003 NPA-005 Lipid DLin-KC2-98N12-5 DMA Lipid/RNA 20 15 wt/wt Mean size 114 nm 106 nm PDI: 0.08 PDI:0.12

TABLE 5 Concentration and MFI MFI mCherry Formulation NPA-003 NPA-005   25 ng/well 11963.25 12256.75  0.25 ng/well 1349.75 2572.75  0.025ng/well 459.50 534.75 0.0025 ng/well 310.75 471.75

Example 11. Manual Injection and Syringe Pump Formulations

Two formulations of DLin-KC2-DMA and 98N12-5 were prepared by manualinjection (MI) and syringe pump injection (SP) and analyzed along with abackground sample to compare the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ IDNO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown insequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) of the different formulations. Table 5 showsthat the syringe pump formulations had a higher MFI as compared to themanual injection formulations of the same lipid and lipid/RNA ratio.

TABLE 5 Formulations and MFI Lipid/ Method of Formulation RNA Mean sizefor- # Lipid wt/wt (nm) mulation MFI Untreated N/A N/A N/A N/A 674.67Control NPA-002 DLin-KC2- 15 140 nm MI 10318.25 DMA PDI: 0.11 NPA-002-2DLin-KC2- 15 105 nm SP 37054.75 DMA PDI: 0.04 NPA-003 DLin-KC2- 20 114nm MI 22037.5 DMA PDI: 0.08 NPA-003-2 DLin-KC2- 20 95 nm SP 37868.75 DMAPDI: 0.02 NPA-005 98N12-5 15 127 nm MI 11504.75 PDI: 0.12 NPA-005-298N12-5 15 106 nm SP 9343.75 PDI: 0.07 NPA-006 98N12-5 20 126 nm MI11182.25 PDI: 0.08 NPA-006-2 98N12-5 20 93 nm SP 5167 PDI: 0.08

Example 12. mCherry Fluorescence of Formulations

Formulations of DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 andDLin-MC3-DMA were incubated at a concentration of 60 ng/well or 62.5ng/well in a plate of HEK293 and 62.5 ng/well in a plate of HepG2 cellsfor 24 hours to determine the MFI of mCherry (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO:5; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence;5′ cap, Cap1) for each formulation. The formulations tested are outlinedin Table 6 below. As shown in FIG. 6A for the 60 ng/well and FIGS. 6B,6C, 6D, and 6E for the 62.5 ng/well, the formulation of NPA-003 andNPA-018 have the highest mCherry MFI and the formulations of NPA-008,NPA-010 and NPA-013 are most the similar to the background samplemCherry MFI value.

TABLE 6 Formulations Formulation # Lipid Lipid/RNA wt/wt Mean size (nm)NPA-001 DLin-KC2-DMA 10 155 nm PDI: 0.08 NPA-002 DLin-KC2-DMA 15 140 nmPDI: 0.11 NPA-002-2 DLin-KC2-DMA 15 105 nm PDI: 0.04 NPA-003DLin-KC2-DMA 20 114 nm PDI: 0.08 NPA-003-2 DLin-KC2-DMA 20  95 nm PDI:0.02 NPA-005 98N12-5 15 127 nm PDI: 0.12 NPA-006 98N12-5 20 126 nm PDI:0.08 NPA-007 DLin-DMA 15 148 nm PDI: 0.09 NPA-008 DLin-K-DMA 15 121 nmPDI: 0.08 NPA-009 C12-200 15 138 nm PDI: 0.15 NPA-010 DLin-MC3-DMA 15126 nm PDI: 0.09 NPA-012 DLin-DMA 20  86 nm PDI: 0.08 NPA-013 DLin-K-DMA20 104 nm PDI: 0.03 NPA-014 C12-200 20 101 nm PDI: 0.06 NPA-015DLin-MC3-DMA 20 109 nm PDI: 0.07

Example 13. In Vivo Formulation Studies

Mice (n=5) are administered intravenously a single dose of a formulationcontaining a modified mRNA and a lipid. The modified mRNA administeredto the mice is selected from G-CSF (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1), erythropoietin (EPO) (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1),Factor IX (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately 160nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) or mCherry (mRNAsequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1). The erythropoietincDNA with the T7 promoter, 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′ UTR usedin in vitro transcription (IVT) is given in SEQ ID NO: 9.

Each formulation also contains a lipid which is selected from one ofDLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200 or DLin-MC3-DMA.The mice are injected with 100 ug, 10 ug or 1 ug of the formulatedmodified mRNA and are sacrificed 8 hours after they are administered theformulation. Serum from the mice administered formulations containinghuman G-CSF modified mRNA are measured by specific G-CSF ELISA and serumfrom mice administered human Factor IX modified RNA is analyzed byspecific Factor IX ELISA or chromogenic assay. The liver and spleen fromthe mice administered with mCherry modified mRNA are analyzed byimmunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS). As a control, a group of mice are not injected with anyformulation and their serum and tissue are collected analyzed by ELISA,FACS and/or IHC.

Example 14. In Vitro and In Vivo Expression

A. A. In Vitro Expression in Human Cells Using Lipidoid Formulations

The ratio of mmRNA to lipidoid used to test for in vitro transfection istested empirically at different lipidoid:mmRNA ratios. Previous workusing siRNA and lipidoids have utilized 2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1lipidoid:siRNA wt:wt ratios. Given the longer length of mmRNA relativeto siRNA, a lower wt:wt ratio of lipidoid to mmRNA may be effective. Inaddition, for comparison mmRNA were also formulated using RNAIMAX™(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison,Wis.) cationic lipid delivery vehicles. The ability oflipidoid-formulated Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:10), green fluorescent protein (GFP) (IVT cDNA sequence as shown in SEQID NO: 11), G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), andEPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) toexpress the desired protein product can be confirmed by luminescence forluciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP expression, and by ELISAfor G-CSF and Erythropoietin (EPO) secretion.

B. In Vivo Expression Following Intravenous Injection

Systemic intravenous administration of the formulations are createdusing various different lipidoids including, but not limited to,98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1.

Lipidoid formulations containing mmRNA are injected intravenously intoanimals. The expression of the modified mRNA (mmRNA)-encoded proteinsare assessed in blood and/or other organs samples such as, but notlimited to, the liver and spleen collected from the animal. Conductingsingle dose intravenous studies will also allow an assessment of themagnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of thedesired product.

In one embodiment, lipidoid based formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, MD1and other lipidoids, are used to deliver luciferase, green fluorescentprotein (GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkalinephosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF, human Factor IX, or human Erythropoietin(EPO) mmRNA into the animal. After formulating mmRNA with a lipid, asdescribed previously, animals are divided into groups to receive eithera saline formulation, or a lipidoid-formulation which contains one of adifferent mmRNA selected from luciferase, GFP, mCherry, sAP, humanG-CSF, human Factor IX, and human EPO. Prior to injection into theanimal, mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS.Animals are then administered a single dose of formulated mmRNA rangingfrom a dose of 10 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg, with a preferredrange to be 10 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg, where the dose of mmRNA depends onthe animal body weight such as a 20 gram mouse receiving a maximumformulation of 0.2 ml (dosing is based no mmRNA per kg body weight).After the administration of the mmRNA-lipidoid formulation, serum,tissues, and/or tissue lysates are obtained and the level of themmRNA-encoded product is determined at a single and/or a range of timeintervals. The ability of lipidoid-formulated Luciferase, GFP, mCherry,sAP, G-CSF, Factor IX, and EPO mmRNA to express the desired proteinproduct is confirmed by luminescence for the expression of Luciferase,flow cytometry for the expression of GFP and mCherry expression, byenzymatic activity for sAP, or by ELISA for the section of G-CSF, FactorIX and/or EPO.

Further studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed to determinethe maximal expression of mmRNA, to evaluate the saturability of themmRNA-driven expression (by giving a control and active mmRNAformulation in parallel or in sequence), and to determine thefeasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNA in dosesseparated by weeks or months and then determining whether expressionlevel is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). An assessment ofthe physiological function of proteins such as G-CSF and EPO are alsodetermined through analyzing samples from the animal tested anddetecting increases in granulocyte and red blood cell counts,respectively. Activity of an expressed protein product such as FactorIX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IXenzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin timeassay) and effect of clotting times.

C. In Vitro Expression Following Intramuscular and/or SubcutaneousInjection

The use of lipidoid formulations to deliver oligonucleotides, includingmRNA, via an intramuscular route or a subcutaneous route of injectionneeds to be evaluated as it has not been previously reported.Intramuscular and/or subcutaneous injection of mmRNA are evaluated todetermine if mmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are capable toproduce both localized and systemic expression of a desired portions.

Lipidoid formulations of 98N12-5, C12-200, and MD1 containing mmRNAselected from luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), mCherryfluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP), human G-CSF,human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA are injectedintramuscularly and/or subcutaneously into animals. The expression ofmmRNA-encoded proteins are assessed both within the muscle orsubcutaneous tissue and systemically in blood and other organs such asthe liver and spleen. Single dose studies allow an assessment of themagnitude, dose responsiveness, and longevity of expression of thedesired product.

Animals are divided into groups to receive either a saline formulationor a formulation containing modified mRNA. Prior to injectionmmRNA-containing lipidoid formulations are diluted in PBS. Animals areadministered a single intramuscular dose of formulated mmRNA rangingfrom 50 mg/kg to doses as low as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 10mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. A maximum dose for intramuscular administration, fora mouse, is roughly 1 mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA for anintramuscular injection into the hind limb of the mouse. Forsubcutaneous administration, the animals are administered a singlesubcutaneous dose of formulated mmRNA ranging from 400 mg/kg to doses aslow as 1 ng/kg with a preferred range to be 80 mg/kg to 100 ng/kg. Amaximum dose for subcutaneous administration, for a mouse, is roughly 8mg mmRNA or as low as 0.02 ng mmRNA.

For a 20 gram mouse the volume of a single intramuscular injection ismaximally 0.025 ml and a single subcutaneous injection is maximally 0.2ml. The optimal dose of mmRNA administered is calculated from the bodyweight of the animal. At various points in time points following theadministration of the mmRNA-lipidoid, serum, tissues, and tissue lysatesis obtained and the level of the mmRNA-encoded product is determined.The ability of lipidoid-formulated luciferase, green fluorescent protein(GFP), mCherry fluorescent protein, secreted alkaline phosphatase (sAP),human G-CSF, human factor IX, or human Erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA toexpress the desired protein product is confirmed by luminescence forluciferase expression, flow cytometry for GFP and mCherry expression, byenzymatic activity for sAP, and by ELISA for G-CSF, Factor IX andErythropoietin (EPO) secretion.

Additional studies for a multi-dose regimen are also performed todetermine the maximal expression using mmRNA, to evaluate thesaturability of the mmRNA-driven expression (achieved by giving acontrol and active mmRNA formulation in parallel or in sequence), and todetermine the feasibility of repeat drug administration (by giving mmRNAin doses separated by weeks or months and then determining whetherexpression level is affected by factors such as immunogenicity). Studiesutilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sites at onetime point, are also utilized to further increase mmRNA drug exposureand improve protein production. An assessment of the physiologicalfunction of proteins, such as GFP, mCherry, sAP, human G-CSF, humanfactor IX, and human EPO, are determined through analyzing samples fromthe tested animals and detecting a change in granulocyte and/or redblood cell counts. Activity of an expressed protein product such asFactor IX, in animals can also be assessed through analysis of Factor IXenzymatic activity (such as an activated partial thromboplastin timeassay) and effect of clotting times.

Example 15. Split Dose Studies

Studies utilizing multiple subcutaneous or intramuscular injection sitesat one time point were designed and performed to investigate ways toincrease mmRNA drug exposure and improve protein production. In additionto detection of the expressed protein product, an assessment of thephysiological function of proteins was also determined through analyzingsamples from the animal tested.

Surprisingly, it has been determined that split dosing of mmRNA producesgreater protein production and phenotypic responses than those producedby single unit dosing or multi-dosing schemes.

The design of a single unit dose, multi-dose and split dose experimentinvolved using human erythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown inSEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown insequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) administered in buffer alone. The dosing vehicle(F. buffer) consisted of 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂, 2 mM Na⁺-phosphate(1.4 mM monobasic sodium phosphate; 0.6 mM dibasic sodium phosphate),and 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 6.5. The pH was adjusted using sodium hydroxide andthe final solution was filter sterilized. The mmRNA was modified with5meC at each cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridinesite.

Animals (n=5) were injected IM (intramuscular) for the single unit doseof 100 ug. For multi-dosing, two schedules were used, 3 doses of 100 ugand 6 doses of 100 ug. For the split dosing scheme, two schedules wereused, 3 doses at 33.3 ug and 6 doses of 16.5 ug mmRNA. Control dosinginvolved use of buffer only at 6 doses. Control mmRNA involved the useof luciferase mmRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) dosed 6times at 100 ug. Blood and muscle tissue were evaluated 13 hrs postinjection.

Human EPO protein was measured in mouse serum 13 h post I.M. single,multi- or split dosing of the EPO mmRNA in buffer. Seven groups of mice(n=5 mice per group) were treated and evaluated. The results are shownin Table 7.

TABLE 7 Split dose study Avg. Polypeptide pmol/mL per unit Dose Dose ofTotal human drug Splitting Group Treatment mmRNA Dose EPO (pmol/ug)Factor 1 Human EPO mmRNA 1 × 100 ug 100 ug 14.3 .14 1 2 Human EPO mmRNA3 × 100 ug 300 ug 82.5 .28 2 3 Human EPO mmRNA 6 × 100 ug 600 ug 273.0.46 3.3 4 Human EPO mmRNA 3 × 33.3 ug  100 ug 104.7 1.1 7.9 5 Human EPOmmRNA 6 × 16.5 ug  100 ug 127.9 1.3 9.3 6 Luciferase mmRNA 6 × 100 ug600 ug 0 — — 7 Buffer Alone — — 0 — —

The splitting factor is defined as the product per unit drug divided bythe single dose product per unit drug (PUD). For example for treatmentgroup 2 the value 0.28 or product (EPO) per unit drug (mmRNA) is dividedby the single dose product per unit drug of 0.14. The result is 2.Likewise, for treatment group 4, the value 1.1 or product (EPO) per unitdrug (mmRNA) is divided by the single dose product per unit drug of0.14. The result is 7.9. Consequently, the dose splitting factor (DSF)may be used as an indicator of the efficacy of a split dose regimen. Forany single administration of a total daily dose, the DSF should be equalto 1. Therefore any DSF greater than this value in a split dose regimenis an indication of increased efficacy.

To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site andimpact of injection timing, studies are performed. In these studies,varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10 ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in betweenare used to determine dose response outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ugtotal dose includes three or six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6ug, or values and total doses equal to administration of the total doseselected.

Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presentingenough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection ofinjection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis(Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection anglewill vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting theintradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surfaceof the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of theskin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees forinjections substantially into the muscle.

Example 16: Dose Response and Injection Site Selection and Timing

To determine the dose response trends, impact of injection site andimpact of injection timing, studies are performed following the protocoloutlined in Example 15. In these studies, varied doses of 1 ug, 5 ug, 10ug, 25 ug, 50 ug, and values in between are used to determine doseresponse outcomes. Split dosing for a 100 ug total dose includes threeor six doses of 1.6 ug, 4.2 ug, 8.3 ug, 16.6 ug, or values and totaldoses equal to administration of the total dose selected.

Injection sites are chosen from the limbs or any body surface presentingenough area suitable for injection. This may also include a selection ofinjection depth to target the dermis (Intradermal), epidermis(Epidermal), subcutaneous tissue (SC) or muscle (IM). Injection anglewill vary based on targeted delivery site with injections targeting theintradermal site to be 10-15 degree angles from the plane of the surfaceof the skin, between 20-45 degrees from the plane of the surface of theskin for subcutaneous injections and angles of between 60-90 degrees forinjections substantially into the muscle. RNAIMAX™

Example 17. Routes of Administration

Further studies were performed to investigate dosing using differentroutes of administration. Following the protocol outlined in Example 15,4 mice per group were dosed intramuscularly (I.M.), intravenously (IV)or subcutaneously (S.C.) by the dosing chart outlined in Table 8. Serumwas collected 13 hours post injection from all mice, tissue wascollected from the site of injection from the intramuscular andsubcutaneous group and the spleen, liver and kidneys were collected fromthe intravenous group. The results from the intramuscular group are showin FIG. 7A and the subcutaneous group results are shown in FIG. 7B.

TABLE 8 Dosing Chart Total Dosing Group Treatment Route Dose of mmRNADose Vehicle 1 Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA I.M. 4 × 100 ug + 30% 4 × 70 ulLipoplex Lipoplex 2 Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA I.M. 4 × 100 ug 4 × 70 ulBuffer 3 Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA S.C. 4 × 100 ug + 30% 4 × 70 ulLipoplex Lipoplex 4 Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA S.C. 4 × 100 ug 4 × 70 ulBuffer 5 Lipoplex-human EPO mmRNA I.V. 200 ug + 30% 140 ul LipoplexLipoplex 6 Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA I.M. 100 ug + 30% 4 × 70 ulLipoplex Lipoplex 7 Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA I.M. 100 ug 4 × 70 ulBuffer 8 Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA S.C. 100 ug + 30% 4 × 70 ulLipoplex Lipoplex 9 Lipoplexed-Luciferase mmRNA S.C. 100 ug 4 × 70 ulBuffer 10 Lipoplexed-human EPO mmRNA I.V. 200 ug + 30% 140 ul LipoplexLipoplex 11 Formulation Buffer I.M. 4x multi dosing 4 × 70 ul Buffer

Example 18: In Vivo Delivery of Modified mRNA

Modified RNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice intramuscularly,subcutaneously, or intravenously to evaluate the bio-distribution ofmodified RNA using luciferase. A formulation buffer used with alldelivery methods contained 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM calciumchloride, 2 mM Na+-phosphate which included 1.4 mM monobasic sodiumphosphate and 0.6 mM of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 0.5 mMethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was adjusted using sodiumhydroxide to reach a final pH of 6.5 before being filtered andsterilized. A 1× concentration was used as the delivery buffer. Tocreate the lipoplexed solution delivered to the mice, in one vial 50 μgof RNA was equilibrated for 10 minutes at room temperature in thedelivery buffer and in a second vial 10 μl RNAiMAX™ was equilibrated for10 minutes at room temperature in the delivery buffer. Afterequilibrium, the vials were combined and delivery buffer was added toreach a final volume of 100 μl which was then incubated for 20 minutesat room temperature. Luciferin was administered by intraperitonealinjection (IP) at 150 mg/kg to each mouse prior to imaging during theplateau phase of the luciferin exposure curve which was between 15 and30 minutes. To create luciferin, 1 g of D-luciferin potassium or sodiumsalt was dissolved in 66.6 ml of distilled phosphate buffer solution(DPBS), not containing Mg2+ or Ca2+, to make a 15 mg/ml solution. Thesolution was gently mixed and passed through a 0.2 μm syringe filter,before being purged with nitrogen, aliquoted and frozen at −80° C. whilebeing protected from light as much as possible. The solution was thawedusing a waterbath if luciferin was not dissolved, gently mixed and kepton ice on the day of dosing.

Whole body images were taken of each mouse 2, 8 and 24 hours afterdosing. Tissue images and serum was collected from each mouse 24 hoursafter dosing. Mice administered doses intravenously had their liver,spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, peri-renal adipose tissue and thymusimaged. Mice administered doses intramuscularly or subcutaneously hadtheir liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, peri-renal adipose tissue, andmuscle at the injection site. From the whole body images thebioluminescence was measured in photon per second for each route ofadministration and dosing regimen.

A. Intramuscular Administration

Mice were intramuscularly (I.M.) administered either modified luciferasemRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Naked-Luc), lipoplexedmodified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc), lipoplexed modified granulocytecolony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ IDNO: 4; poly-A tail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown insequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (Lipoplex-Cytokine) or the formation buffer at asingle dose of 50 μg of modified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl foreach formulation in the right hind limb and a single dose of 5 μg ofmodified RNA in an injection volume of 50 μl in the left hind limb. Thebioluminescence average for the luciferase expression signals for eachgroup at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing are shown in FIG. 8A for theleft hind limb and FIG. 8B for the right hind limb. The bioluminescenceshowed a positive signal at the injection site of the 5 μg and 50 μgmodified RNA formulations containing and not containing lipoplex.

B. Subcutaneous Administration

Mice were subcutaneously (S.C.) administered either modified luciferasemRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc),lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation bufferat a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferaseexpression signals for each group at 2, 8 and 24 hours after dosing areshown in FIG. 8C. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal at theinjection site of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing andnot containing lipoplex.

C. Intravenous Administration

Mice were intravenously (I.V.) administered either modified luciferasemRNA (Naked-Luc), lipoplexed modified luciferase mRNA (Lipoplex-luc),lipoplexed modified G-CSF mRNA (Lipoplex-G-CSF) or the formation bufferat a single dose of 50 μg of modified mRNA in an injection volume of 100μl for each formulation. The bioluminescence average for the luciferaseexpression signal in the spleen from each group at 2 hours after dosingis shown in FIG. 8D. The bioluminescence showed a positive signal in thespleen of the 50 μg modified mRNA formulations containing lipoplex.

Example 19: In Vivo Delivery Using Lipoplexes

A. Human EPO Modified RNA Lipoplex

A formulation containing 100 μg of modified human erythropoietin mRNA(mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail of approximately 160nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) (EPO; fully modified5-methylcytosine; N1-methylpseudouridine) was lipoplexed with 30% byvolume of RNAIMAX™ (Lipoplex-h-Epo-46; Generation 2 or Gen2) in 50-70 uLdelivered intramuscularly to four C57/BL6 mice. Other groups consistedof mice receiving an injection of the lipoplexed modified luciferasemRNA (Lipoplex-luc) (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) whichserved as a control containing 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA waslipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ or mice receiving an injectionof the formulation buffer as negative control at a dose volume of 65 ul.13 hours after the intramuscular injection, serum was collected fromeach mouse to measure the amount of human EPO protein in the mouse serumby human EPO ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 9.

B. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex

A formulation containing 100 μg of one of the two types of modifiedhuman G-CSF mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1)(G-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and pseudouridine (G-CSF) orG-CSF fully modified with 5-methylcytosine and N1-methyl-pseudouridine(G-CSF-N1) lipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ and delivered in150 uL intramuscularly (I.M), in 150 uL subcutaneously (S.C) and in 225uL intravenously (I.V) to C57/BL6 mice. Three control groups wereadministered either 100 μg of modified luciferase mRNA (IVT cDNAsequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) intramuscularly (Luc-unsp I.M.) or 150μg of modified luciferase mRNA intravenously (Luc-unsp I.V.) or 150 uLof the formulation buffer intramuscularly (Buffer I.M.). 6 hours afteradministration of a formulation, serum was collected from each mouse tomeasure the amount of human G-CSF protein in the mouse serum by humanG-CSF ELISA and the results are shown in FIG. 10.

C. Human G-CSF Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison

A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified human G-CSF mRNAlipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™ with a 5-methylcytosine (5mc)and a pseudouridine (ψ) modification (G-CSF-Gen1-Lipoplex), modifiedhuman G-CSF mRNA with a 5mc and ψ modification in saline(G-CSF-Gen1-Saline), modified human G-CSF mRNA with aN1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and a ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% byvolume of RNAIMAX™ (G-CSF-Gen2-Lipoplex), modified human G-CSF mRNA witha N1-5mc and ψ modification in saline (G-CSF-Gen2-Saline), modifiedluciferase with a 5mc and ψ modification lipoplexed with 30% by volumeof RNAIMAX™ (Luc-Lipoplex), or modified luciferase mRNA with a 5mc and ψmodification in saline (Luc-Saline) was delivered intramuscularly (I.M.)or subcutaneously (S.C.) and a control group for each method ofadministration was giving a dose of 80 uL of the formulation buffer (F.Buffer) to C57/BL6 mice. 13 hours post injection serum and tissue fromthe site of injection were collected from each mouse and analyzed byG-CSF ELISA to compare human G-CSF protein levels. The results of thehuman G-CSF protein in mouse serum from the intramuscular administrationare shown in FIG. 11A, and the subcutaneous administration results areshown in FIG. 11B.

D. mCherry Modified RNA Lipoplex Comparison

Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration

A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNA (mRNAsequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; poly-A tail of approximately 160nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) lipoplexed with 30% byvolume of RNAIMAX™ or modified mCherry mRNA in saline is deliveredintramuscularly and subcutaneously to mice. A formulation buffer is alsoadministered to a control group of mice either intramuscularly orsubcutaneously. The site of injection on the mice may be collected 17hours post injection for sectioning to determine the cell type(s)responsible for producing protein.

Intravitreal Administration

A formulation containing 10 μg of either modified mCherry mRNAlipoplexed with RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA in a formulation buffer,modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with RNAMAX™, modified luciferasemRNA in a formulation buffer can be administered by intravitrealinjection (IVT) in rats in a dose volume of 5 μl/eye. A formulationbuffer is also administered by IVT to a control group of rats in a dosevolume of 5 μl/eye. Eyes from treated rats can be collected after 18hours post injection for sectioning and lysating to determine whethermmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivo to the eye and result inprotein production, and to also determine the cell type(s) responsiblefor producing protein in vivo.

Intranasal Administration

A formulation containing 100 μg of either modified mCherry mRNAlipoplexed with 30% by volume of RNAIMAX™, modified mCherry mRNA insaline, modified luciferase mRNA lipoplexed with 30% by volume ofRNAIMAX™ or modified luciferase mRNA in saline is deliveredintranasally. A formulation buffer is also administered to a controlgroup intranasally. Lungs may be collected about 13 hours postinstillation for sectioning (for those receiving mCherry mRNA) orhomogenization (for those receiving luciferase mRNA). These samples willbe used to determine whether mmRNA can be effectively delivered in vivoto the lungs and result in protein production, and to also determine thecell type(s) responsible for producing protein in vivo.

Example 20: In Vivo Delivery Using Varying Lipid Ratios

Modified mRNA was delivered to C57/BL6 mice to evaluate varying lipidratios and the resulting protein expression. Formulations of 100 μgmodified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1) lipoplexed with 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™, 100 μg modifiedluciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) lipoplexedwith 10%, 30% or 50% RNAIMAX™ or a formulation buffer were administeredintramuscularly to mice in a single 70 μl dose. Serum was collected 13hours post injection to undergo a human EPO ELISA to determine the humanEPO protein level in each mouse. The results of the human EPO ELISA,shown in FIG. 12, show that modified human EPO expressed in the muscleis secreted into the serum for each of the different percentage ofRNAIMAX™.

Example 21: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous In Vivo Delivery in Mammals

Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to either C57/BL6 mice orSprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the dose dependency on human EPOproduction. Rats were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of themodified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) (IVTcDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer(F.Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 9.

Mice were intramuscularly or subcutaneously injected with 50 μl of themodified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modified luciferase mRNA (Luc) or theformulation buffer (F.Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 10.13 hours post injection blood was collected and serum was analyzed todetermine the amount human EPO for each mouse or rat. The average andgeometric mean in pg/ml for the rat study are also shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Rat Study Geometric- Avg. mean Group Dose R#1 R#2 R#3 R#4 R#5R#6 pg/ml pg/ml h-EPO G#1 150 μg 61.8 86.3 69.9 55.2 59 74.2 67.7 67.1h-EPO G#2 100 μg 69.4 77.8 48.2 17.6 101.9 161.5 79.4 66.9 h-EPO G#3  50μg 143.6 60.9 173.4 145.9 61.5 23.9 101.5 85.4 h-EPO G#4  10 μg 7.8 11.830.9 36.2 40.6 150.3 46.3 31.2 h-EPO G#5  1 μg 9.1 35.8 — 46.2 18.1 34.128.7 25.4 Luc G#6 100 μg 34.1 36.5 13.5 13.7 — — 24.5 22.4 F. Buffer G#7— 14.7 18.5 21.2 20.3 — — 18.7 18.5

TABLE 10 Mouse Study Average Level in serum Route Treatment Group Dosepg/ml IM h-EPO 1 100 μg  96.2 IM h-EPO 2 50 μg 63.5 IM h-EPO 3 25 μg18.7 IM h-EPO 4 10 μg 25.9 IM h-EPO 5  1 μg 2.6 IM Luc 6 100 μg  0 IM F.Buffer 7 — 1.0 SC h-EPO 1 100 μg  72.0 SC Luc 2 100 μg  26.7 SC F.Buffer 3 — 17.4

Example 22: Duration of Activity after Intramuscular In Vivo Delivery inRats

Modified human EPO mRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1) formulated in saline was delivered to Sprague-Dawley rats todetermine the duration of the dose response. Rats were intramuscularlyinjected with 50 μl of the modified human EPO mRNA (h-EPO), modifiedluciferase mRNA (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (Luc) or theformulation buffer (F.Buffer) as described in the dosing chart Table 11.The rats were bled 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intramuscularinjection to determine the concentration of human EPO in serum at agiven time. The average and geometric mean in pg/ml for this study arealso shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Dosing Chart Avg. pg/ Geometric- Group Dose R#1 R#2 R#3 R#4 R#5R#6 R#7 ml mean pg/ml h-EPO 2 hour 100 μg 60.0 62.4 53.6 33.2 68.6 66.472.8 59.6 58.2 h-EPO 6 hour 100 μg 66.4 102.5 45.6 78.1 56.8 122.5 8.168.6 55.8 h-EPO 12 hour 100 μg 132.9 55.1 89.0 80.1 85.6 105.6 63.3 87.484.5 h-EPO 24 hour 100 μg 51.1 76.3 264.3 142.4 77.6 73.5 75.0 108.695.3 h-EPO 48 hour 100 μg 96.3 59.0 85.7 82.6 63.5 80.3 — 77.9 77.0h-EPO 72 hour 100 μg 46.3 66.9 73.5 57.3 136.7 110 69.7 80.1 75.8 Luc24, 48 and 72 hour 100 μg 60.2 38.5 48.8 46.1 3.6 26.1 — 37.2 29.2 F.Buffer 24, 48 and 72 hour — 50.0 10.0 80.9 54.7 — — — 48.9 10.4

Example 23. In Vitro Transfection of VEGF-A

Human vascular endothelial growth factor-isoform A (VEGF-A) modifiedmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12; poly-A tail of approximately160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) was transfected viareverse transfection in Human Keratinocyte cells in 24 multi-wellplates. Human Keratinocytes cells were grown in EPILIFE® medium withSupplement S7 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) until they reached aconfluence of 50-70%. The cells were transfected with 0, 46.875, 93.75,187.5, 375, 750, and 1500 ng of modified mRNA (mmRNA) encoding VEGF-Awhich had been complexed with RNAIMAX™ from Invitrogen (Carlsbad,Calif.). The RNA:RNAIMAX™ complex was formed by first incubating the RNAwith Supplement-free EPILIFE® media in a 5× volumetric dilution for 10minutes at room temperature. In a second vial, RNAIMAX™ reagent wasincubated with Supplement-free EPILIFE® Media in a 10× volumetricdilution for 10 minutes at room temperature. The RNA vial was then mixedwith the RNAIMAX™ vial and incubated for 20-30 minutes at roomtemperature before being added to the cells in a drop-wise fashion.

The fully optimized mRNA encoding VEGF-A transfected with the HumanKeratinocyte cells included modifications during translation such asnatural nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), pseudouridine at each uridinesite and 5-methylcytosine at each cytosine site (pseudo-U/5mC), andN1-methyl-pseudouridine at each uridine site and 5-methylcytosine ateach cytosine site (N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC). Cells were transfected withthe mmRNA encoding VEGF-A and secreted VEGF-A concentration (pg/ml) inthe culture medium was measured at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hourspost-transfection for each of the concentrations using an ELISA kit fromInvitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.) following the manufacturers recommendedinstructions. These data, shown in Table 12, show that modified mRNAencoding VEGF-A is capable of being translated in Human Keratinocytecells and that VEGF-A is transported out of the cells and released intothe extracellular environment.

TABLE 12 VEGF-A Dosing and Protein Secretion 6 hours 12 hours 24 hours48 hours Dose (ng) (pg/ml) (pg/ml) (pg/ml) (pg/ml) VEGF-A DoseContaining Natural NTPs 46.875 10.37 18.07 33.90 67.02 93.75 9.79 20.5441.95 65.75 187.5 14.07 24.56 45.25 64.39 375 19.16 37.53 53.61 88.28750 21.51 38.90 51.44 61.79 1500 36.11 61.90 76.70 86.54 VEGF-A DoseContaining Pseudo-U/5mC 46.875 10.13 16.67 33.99 72.88 93.75 11.00 20.0046.47 145.61 187.5 16.04 34.07 83.00 120.77 375 69.15 188.10 448.50392.44 750 133.95 304.30 524.02 526.58 1500 198.96 345.65 426.97 505.41VEGF-A Dose Containing N1-methyl-Pseudo-U/5mC 46.875 0.03 6.02 27.65100.42 93.75 12.37 46.38 121.23 167.56 187.5 104.55 365.71 1025.411056.91 375 605.89 1201.23 1653.63 1889.23 750 445.41 1036.45 1522.861954.81 1500 261.61 714.68 1053.12 1513.39

Example 24. In Vivo Studies of Factor IX

Human Factor IX mmRNA (mRNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1)(Gen1; fully modified 5-methylcytosine and pseudouridine) formulated insaline was delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. The resultsdemonstrate that Factor IX protein was elevated in serum as measured 13hours after administration.

In this study, mice (N=5 for Factor IX, N=3 for Luciferase or Buffercontrols) were intramuscularly injected with 50 μl of the Factor IXmmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8; poly-A tail of approximately160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1), Luciferase (cDNAsequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer(F.Buffer) at 2×100 ug/mouse. The mice were bled at 13 hours after theintramuscular injection to determine the concentration of human thepolypeptide in serum in pg/mL. The results revealed that administrationof Factor IX mmRNA resulted in levels of 1600 pg/mL at 13 hours ascompared to less than 100 pg/mL of Factor IX for either Luciferase orbuffer control administration.

Example 25. Multi-Site Administration: Intramuscular and Subcutaneous

Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1)modified as either Gen1 or Gen2 (5-methylcytosine (5mc) and apseudouridine (ψ) modification, G-CSF-Gen1; or N1-5-methylcytosine(N1-5mc) and a ψ modification, G-CSF-Gen2) and formulated in saline weredelivered to mice via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection.Injection of four doses or 2×50 ug (two sites) daily for three days (24hrs interval) was performed. The fourth dose was administered 6 hrsbefore blood collection and CBC analysis. Controls included Luciferase(cDNA sequence for IVT shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) or the formulation buffer(F.Buffer). The mice were bled at 72 hours after the first mmRNAinjection (6 hours after the last mmRNA dose) to determine the effect ofmmRNA-encoded human G-CSF on the neutrophil count. The dosing regimen isshown in Table 13 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL).Asterisks indicate statistical significance at p<0.05.

For intramuscular administration, the data reveal a four fold increasein neutrophil count above control at day 3 for the Gen1 G-CSF mmRNA anda two fold increase for the Gen2 G-CSF mmRNA. For subcutaneousadministration, the data reveal a two fold increase in neutrophil countabove control at day 3 for the Gen2 CT-CSF mmRNA

TABLE 13 Dosing Regimen Dose Vol. Dosing Neutrophil Gr. Treatment RouteN = Dose (μg/mouse) (μl/mouse) Vehicle Thous/uL 1 G-CSF (Gen1) I.M 5 2 ×50 ug (four doses) 50 F. buffer  840* 2 G-CSF (Gen1) S.C 5 2 × 50 ug(four doses) 50 F. buffer 430 3 G-CSF (Gen2) I.M 5 2 × 50 ug (fourdoses) 50 F. buffer  746* 4 G-CSF (Gen2) S.C 5 2 × 50 ug (four doses) 50F. buffer 683 5 Luc (Gen1) I.M. 5 2 × 50 ug (four doses) 50 F. buffer201 6 Luc (Gen1) S.C. 5 2 × 50 ug (four doses) 50 F. buffer 307 7 Luc(Gen2) I.M 5 2 × 50 ug (four doses) 50 F. buffer 336 8 Luc (Gen2) S.C 52 × 50 ug (four doses) 50 F. buffer 357 9 F. Buffer I.M 4 0 (four doses)50 F. buffer 245 10 F. Buffer S.C. 4 0 (four doses) 50 F. buffer 509 11Untreated — 4 — 312

Example 26. Intravenous Administration

Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1)modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and a pseudouridine (ψ)modification; or having no modifications and formulated in 10% lipoplex(RNAIMAX™) were delivered to mice at a dose of 50 ug RNA and in a volumeof 100 ul via intravenous (IV) injection at days 0, 2 and 4. Neutrophilswere measured at days 1, 5 and 8. Controls included non-specificmammalian RNA or the formulation buffer alone (F.Buffer). The mice werebled at days 1, 5 and 8 to determine the effect of mmRNA-encoded humanG-CSF to increase neutrophil count. The dosing regimen is shown in Table14 as are the resulting neutrophil counts (thousands/uL; K/uL).

For intravenous administration, the data reveal a four to five foldincrease in neutrophil count above control at day 5 with G-CSF mmRNA butnot with unmodified G-CSF mRNA or non-specific controls. Blood countreturned to baseline four days after the final injection. No otherchanges in leukocyte populations were observed.

An asterisk indicates statistical significance at p<0.001 compared tobuffer.

TABLE 14 Dosing Regimen Dose Vol. Dosing Neutrophil Gr. Treatment N =(μl/mouse) Vehicle K/uL 1 G-CSF (Gen1) 5 100 10% lipoplex 2.91 Day 1 2G-CSF (Gen1) 5 100 10% lipoplex 5.32* Day 5 3 G-CSF (Gen1) 5 100 10%lipoplex 2.06 Day 8 4 G-CSF (no 5 100 10% lipoplex 1.88 modification)Day 1 5 G-CSF (no 5 100 10% lipoplex 1.95 modification) Day 5 6 G-CSF(no 5 100 10% lipoplex 2.09 modification) Day 8 7 RNA Control 5 100 10%lipoplex 2.90 Day 1 8 RNA Control 5 100 10% lipoplex 1.68 Day 5 9 RNAControl 4 100 10% lipoplex 1.72 Day 8 10 F. Buffer 4 100 10% lipoplex2.51 Day 1 11 F. Buffer 4 100 10% lipoplex 1.31 Day 5 12 F. Buffer 4 10010% lipoplex 1.92 Day 8

Example 27. Saline Formulation: Intramuscular Administration

Human G-CSF mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) andhuman EPO mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1);G-CSF mmRNA (modified with 5-methylcytosine (5mc) and pseudouridine (ψ))and EPO mmRNA (modified with N1-5-methylcytosine (N1-5mc) and ψmodification), were formulated in saline and delivered to mice viaintramuscular (IM) injection at a dose of 100 ug.

Controls included Luciferase (IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10)or the formulation buffer (F.Buffer). The mice were bled at 13 hoursafter the injection to determine the concentration of the humanpolypeptide in serum in pg/mL (G-CSF groups measured human G-CSF inmouse serum and EPO groups measured human EPO in mouse serum). The dataare shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Dosing Regimen Average Protein Dose Product Vol. Dosing pg/mL,Group Treatment N = (μl/mouse) Vehicle serum G-CSF G-CSF 5 50 Saline19.8 G-CSF Luciferase 5 50 Saline 0.5 G-CSF F. buffer 5 50 F. buffer 0.5EPO EPO 5 50 Saline 191.5 EPO Luciferase 5 50 Saline 15.0 EPO F. bufferF. buffer 4.8

Example 28. EPO Multi-Dose/Multi-Administration

Studies utilizing multiple intramuscular injection sites at one timepoint were designed and performed.

The design of a single multi-dose experiment involved using humanerythropoietin (EPO) mmRNA (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1) or G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1)administered in saline. The dosing vehicle (F. buffer) was used as acontrol. The EPO and G-CSF mmRNA were modified with 5-methylcytosine ateach cytosine and pseudouridine replacement at each uridine site.

Animals (n=5), Sprague-Dawley rats, were injected IM (intramuscular) forthe single unit dose of 100 ug (delivered to one thigh). Formulti-dosing 6 doses of 100 ug (delivered to two thighs) were used forboth EPO and G-CSF mmRNA. Control dosing involved use of buffer at asingle dose. Human EPO blood levels were evaluated 13 hours postinjection.

Human EPO protein was measured in rat serum 13 hours post I.M. Fivegroups of rats were treated and evaluated. The results are shown inTable 16.

TABLE 16 Multi-dose study Avg. Pg/mL human Dose of Total EPO, GroupTreatment mmRNA Dose serum 1 Human EPO mmRNA 1 × 100 ug 100 ug 143 2Human EPO mmRNA 6 × 100 ug 600 ug 256 3 G-CSF mmRNA 1 × 100 ug 100 ug 434 G-CSF mmRNA 6 × 100 ug 600 ug 58 5 Buffer Alone — — 20

Example 29. Signal Sequence Exchange Study

Several variants of mmRNAs encoding human Granulocyte colony stimulatingfactor (G-CSF) (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-A tail ofapproximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap, Cap1) weresynthesized using modified nucleotides pseudouridine and5-methylcytosine (pseudo-U/5mC). These variants included the G-CSFconstructs encoding either the wild-type N terminal secretory signalpeptide sequence (MAGPATQSPMKLMALQLLLWHSALWTVQEA; SEQ ID NO: 13), nosecretory signal peptide sequence, or secretory signal peptide sequencestaken from other mRNAs. These included sequences where the wild typeGCSF signal peptide sequence was replaced with the signal peptidesequence of either: human α-1-anti trypsin (MMPSSVSWGILLLAGLCCLVPVSLA;SEQ ID NO: 14), human Factor IX(MQRVNMIMAESPSLITICLLGYLLSAECTVFLDHENANKILNRPKR; SEQ ID NO: 15), humanProlactin (MKGSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAP; SEQ ID NO: 16), or human Albumin(MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRR; SEQ ID NO: 17).

250 ng of modified mRNA encoding each G-CSF variant was transfected intoHEK293A (293A in the table), mouse myoblast (MM in the table) (C2C12,CRL-1772, ATCC) and rat myoblast (RM in the table) (L6 line, CRL-1458,ATCC) cell lines in a 24 well plate using 1 ul of Lipofectamine 2000(Life Technologies), each well containing 300,000 cells. Thesupernatants were harvested after 24 hrs and the secreted G-CSF proteinwas analyzed by ELISA using the Human G-CSF ELISA kit (LifeTechnologies). The data shown in Table 17 reveal that cells transfectedwith G-CSF mmRNA encoding the Albumin signal peptide secrete at least 12fold more G-CSF protein than its wild type counterpart.

TABLE 17 Signal Peptide Exchange 293A MM RM Signal peptides (pg/ml)(pg/ml) (pg/ml) G-CSF Natural 9650 3450 6050 α-1-anti trypsin 9950 50008475 Factor IX 11675 6175 11675 Prolactin 7875 1525 9800 Albumin 12205081050 173300 No Signal peptide 0 0 0

Example 30. Cytokine Study: PBMC

PBMC Isolation and Culture:

50 mL of human blood from two donors was received from Research BloodComponents (lots KP30928 and KP30931) in sodium heparin tubes. For eachdonor, the blood was pooled and diluted to 70 mL with DPBS (SAFCBioscience 59331C, lot 071M8408) and split evenly between two 50 mLconical tubes. 10 mL of Ficoll Paque (GE Healthcare 17-5442-03, lot10074400) was gently dispensed below the blood layer. The tubes werecentrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes with low acceleration andbraking. The tubes were removed and the buffy coat PMBC layers weregently transferred to a fresh 50 mL conical and washed with DPBS. Thetubes were centrifuged at 1450 rpm for 10 minutes.

The supernatant was aspirated and the PBMC pellets were resuspended andwashed in 50 mL of DPBS. The tubes were centrifuged at 1250 rpm for 10minutes. This wash step was repeated, and the PBMC pellets wereresuspended in 19 mL of Optimem I (Gibco 11058, lot 1072088) andcounted. The cell suspensions were adjusted to a concentration of3.0×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/mL live cells.

These cells were then plated on five 96 well tissue culture treatedround bottom plates (Costar 3799) per donor at 50 uL per well. Within 30minutes, transfection mixtures were added to each well at a volume of 50uL per well. After 4 hours post transfection, the media was supplementedwith 10 uL of Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco 10082, lot 1012368)

Transfection Preparation:

mmRNA encoding human G-CSF (mRNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; poly-Atail of approximately 160 nucleotides not shown in sequence; 5′ cap,Cap1) (containing either (1) natural NTPs, (2) 100% substitution with5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or (3) 100% substitution with5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine; mmRNA encoding luciferase(IVT cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10) (containing either (1)natural NTPs or (2) 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine andpseudouridine) and TLR agonist R848 (Invivogen tlrl-r848) were dilutedto 38.4 ng/uL in a final volume of 2500 uL Optimem I.

Separately, 432 uL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen 11668-027, lot1070962) was diluted with 13.1 mL Optimem I. In a 96 well plate ninealiquots of 135 uL of each mmRNA, positive control (R-848) or negativecontrol (Optimem I) was added to 135 uL of the diluted Lipofectamine2000. The plate containing the material to be transfected was incubatedfor 20 minutes. The transfection mixtures were then transferred to eachof the human PBMC plates at 50 uL per well. The plates were thenincubated at 37 C. At 2, 4, 8, 20, and 44 hours each plate was removedfrom the incubator, and the supernatants were frozen.

After the last plate was removed, the supernatants were assayed using ahuman G-CSF ELISA kit (Invitrogen KHC2032) and human IFN-alpha ELISA kit(Thermo Scientific 41105-2). Each condition was done in duplicate.

Results:

The ability of unmodified and modified mRNA (mmRNAs) to produce theencoded protein was assessed (G-CSF production) over time as was theability of the mRNA to trigger innate immune recognition as measured byinterferon-alpha production. Use of in vitro PBMC cultures is anaccepted way to measure the immunostimulatory potential ofoligonucleotides (Robbins et al., Oligonucleotides 2009 19:89-102).

Results were interpolated against the standard curve of each ELISA plateusing a four parameter logistic curve fit. Shown in Tables 18 and 19 arethe average from 2 separate PBMC donors of the G-CSF and IFN-alphaproduction over time as measured by specific ELISA.

In the G-CSF ELISA, background signal from the Lipofectamine 2000untreated condition was subtracted at each timepoint. The datademonstrated specific production of human G-CSF protein by humanperipheral blood mononuclear is seen with G-CSF mRNA containing naturalNTPs, 100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and pseudouridine, or100% substitution with 5-methyl cytidine and N1-methyl pseudouridine.Production of G-CSF was significantly increased through the use ofmodified mRNA relative to unmodified mRNA, with the 5-methyl cytidineand N1-methyl pseudouridine containing G-CSF mmRNA showing the highestlevel of G-CSF production. With regards to innate immune recognition,unmodified mRNA resulted in substantial IFN-alpha production, while themodified mRNA largely prevented interferon-alpha production.

TABLE 18 G-CSF Signal G-CSF signal - 2 Donor Average pg/mL 2 Hr 4 Hr 8Hr 20 Hr 44 Hr G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine) 120.3 136.8 421.0 346.1 431.8G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl 256.3 273.7 919.3 1603.3 1843.3 pseudouridine) GCSF(Natural-no modification) 63.5 92.6 129.6 258.3 242.4 Luciferase(5mC/pseudouridine) 4.5 153.7 33.0 186.5 58.0

TABLE 19 IFN-alpha signal IFN-alpha signal - 2 donor average pg/mL 2 Hr4 Hr 8 Hr 20 Hr 44 Hr G-CSF (5mC/pseudouridine) 21.1 2.9 3.7 22.7 4.3G-CSF (5mC/N1-methyl 0.5 0.4 3.0 2.3 2.1 pseudouridine) G-CSF (Natural)0.0 2.1 23.3 74.9 119.7 Luciferase (5mC/pseudouridine) 0.4 0.4 4.7 1.02.4 R-848 39.1 151.3 278.4 362.2 208.1 Lipofectamine 2000 control 0.817.2 16.5 0.7 3.1

Example 31. Quantification in Exosomes

The quantity and localization of the mmRNA of the present invention canbe determined by measuring the amounts (initial, timecourse, or residualbasis) in isolated exosomes. In this study, since the mmRNA aretypically codon-optimized and distinct in sequence from endogenous mRNA,the levels of mmRNA are quantitated as compared to endogenous levels ofnative or wild type mRNA by using the methods of Gibbings,PCT/IB2009/005878, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

In these studies, the method is performed by first isolating exosomes orvesicles preferably from a bodily fluid of a patient previously treatedwith a polynucleotide, primary construct or mmRNA of the invention, thenmeasuring, in said exosomes, the polynucleotide, primary construct ormmRNA levels by one of mRNA microarray, qRT-PCR, or other means formeasuring RNA in the art including by suitable antibody orimmunohistochemical methods.

Example 32: Bifunctional mmRNA

Using the teachings and synthesis methods described herein, modifiedRNAs are designed and synthesized to be bifunctional, thereby encodingone or more cytotoxic protein molecules as well as be synthesized usingcytotoxic nucleosides.

Administration of the bifunctional modified mRNAs is effected usingeither saline or a lipid carrier. Once administered, the bifunctionalmodified mRNA is translated to produce the encoded cytotoxic peptide.Upon degradation of the delivered modified mRNA, the cytotoxicnucleosides are released which also effect therapeutic benefit to thesubject.

Example 33. Synthesis of Modified mRNA

Modified mRNA is generated from a cDNA template containing a T7RNA-polymerase promoter sequence using a commercially available T7 RNApolymerase transcription kit (MEGASCRIPT® High Yield Transcription KIT,AMBION®, Austin, Tex.; MSCRIPT™ mRNA Production Kit, EPICENTRE®Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). An in vitro transcription reactioncontains between 1-2 μg of template DNA in the form of a linearizedplasmid, PCR product, or single-stranded oligonucleotide with adouble-stranded polymerase promoter region. The template DNA encodes astrong translation initiation sequence such as a strong consensus Kozaksequence or an optimized, high-expression IRES including the EMCV IRES.Reaction volumes are between 20-40 μl and contain3′-O-Me-m⁷-G(5′)ppp(5′)G ARCA cap analog (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS®) inaddition to an optimized ribonucleotide mixture of determined modifiedadenine, guanine, cytidine and uridine ribonucleotide analogs. Finalreaction concentrations for nucleotide are 6 mM for the cap analog and1.5-7.5 mM for each of the other nucleotides. The temperature andduration of the in vitro transcription reaction are optimized forefficiency, fidelity and yield. Reactions may be incubated from 3-6hours and up to 16 hours at 37° C. Following the in vitro transcriptionreaction, the capped mRNA undergoes polyadenylation using a commerciallyavailable poly-A tailing kit (EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies, Madison,Wis.). The resulting capped and polyadenylated synthetic mRNA is thenpurified by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm productionof full-length product and to remove any degradation products followedby spin column filtration (RNeasy Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.;MEGACLEAR™ AMBION®, Austin, Tex.). Purified synthetic mRNAs areresuspended in RNase-free water containing an RNase inhibitor (RNASIN®Plus RNase Inhibitor, Promega, Madison, Wis.), quantified by NANODROP™(Thermo Scientific, Logan, Utah) and stored at −20° C.

Example 34: Bulk Transfection of Modified mRNA into Cell Culture

A. Cationic Lipid Delivery Vehicles

RNA transfections are carried out using RNAIMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif.) or TRANSIT-mRNA (Mirus Bio, Madison, Wis.) cationic lipiddelivery vehicles. RNA and reagent are first diluted in Opti-MEM basalmedia (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). 100 ng/uL RNA is diluted 5× and 5μL of RNAIMax perm of RNA is diluted 10×. The diluted components arepooled and incubated 15 minutes at room temperature before they aredispensed to culture media. For TRANSIT-mRNA transfections, 100 ng/uLRNA is diluted 10× in Opti-MEM and BOOST reagent is added (at aconcentration of 2 μL perm of RNA), TRANSIT-mRNA is added (at aconcentration of 2 μL perm of RNA), and then the RNA-lipid complexes aredelivered to the culture media after a 2-minute incubation at roomtemperature. RNA transfections are performed in Nutristem xenofree hESmedia (STEMGENT®, Cambridge, Mass.) for RiPS derivations, Dermal CellBasal Medium plus Keratinocyte Growth Kit (ATCC) for keratinocyteexperiments, and Opti-MEM plus 2% FBS for all other experiments.Successful introduction of a modified mRNA (mmRNA) into host cells canbe monitored using various known methods, such as a fluorescent marker,such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Successful transfection of amodified mRNA can also be determined by measuring the protein expressionlevel of the target polypeptide by e.g., Western Blotting orimmunocytochemistry. Similar methods may be followed for large volumescale-up to multi-liter (5-10,000 L) culture format following similarRNA-lipid complex ratios.

B. Electroporation Delivery of Exogenous Synthetic mRNA Transcripts

Electroporation parameters are optimized by transfecting MRC-5fibroblasts with in vitro synthetic modified mRNA (mmRNA) transcriptsand measuring transfection efficiency by quantitative RT-PCR withprimers designed to specifically detect the exogenous transcripts.Discharging a 150 uF capacitor charged to F into 2.5×10⁶ cells suspendedin 50 μl of Opti-MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in a standardelectroporation cuvette with a 2 mm gap is sufficient for repeateddelivery in excess of 10,000 copies of modified mRNA transcripts percell, as determined using the standard curve method, while maintaininghigh viability (>70%). Further experiments may reveal that the voltagerequired to efficiently transfect cells with mmRNA transcripts candepend on the cell density during electroporation. Cell density may varyfrom 1×10⁶ cell/50 μl to a density of 2.5×10⁶ cells/50 μl and requirefrom 110V to 145V to transfect cells with similar efficiencies measuredin transcript copies per cell. Large multi-liter (5-10,000 L)electroporation may be performed similar to large volume flowelectroporation strategies similar to methods described with the abovedescribed constraints (Li et al., 2002; Geng et al., 2010).

Example 35. Overexpression of Ceramide Transfer Protein to IncreaseTherapeutic Antibody Protein Production in Established CHO Cell Lines

A. Batch Culture

An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting a humanizedtherapeutic IgG antibody is transfected a single time with lipidcationic delivery agent alone (control) or a synthetic mRNA transcriptencoding wild type ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or anon-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant. The sequences aretaught in for example, U.S. Ser. No. 13/252,049, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. CERT is anessential cytosolic protein in mammalian cells that transfers thesphingolipid ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgicomplex where it is converted to sphingomyelin (Hanada et al., 2003).Overexpression of CERT significantly enhances the transport of secretedproteins to the plasma membrane and improves the production of proteinsthat are transported via the secretory pathway from eukaryotic cellsthereby enhancing secretion of proteins in the culture medium. SyntheticmRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic delivery agent at a2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density is about 2×10⁵viable cells/mL. The synthetic mRNA transcript is delivered afterinitial culture seeding during the exponential culture growth phase toachieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×10² and 10×10³ percell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases of cell inoculumgeneration and for growth of cultures in bioreactors was modified CD-CHOmedium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulin andmethotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HCl or1N NaOH after addition of all components. Culture run times ended ondays 7, 14, 21 or 28+. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainlesssteel reactor with two marine impellers) were used and are scalableto >10,000 L stainless steel reactors (described in commonly-assignedpatent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/436,050, filed Dec. 23, 2002, andU.S. Ser. No. 10/740,645). A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix32, OSlsoft, LLC, San Leandro, Calif.) recorded temperature, pH, anddissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gas flows were controlled viarotameters. Air was sparged into the reactor via a submerged frit (5 μmpore size) and through the reactor head space for CO₂ removal. Molecularoxygen was sparged through the same frit for DO control. CO₂ was spargedthrough same frit as used for pH control. Samples of cells were removedfrom the reactor on a daily basis. A sample used for cell counting wasstained with trypan blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cellviability determination were performed via hemocytometry using amicroscope. For analysis of metabolites, additional samples werecentrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.) for cell separation.Supernatant was analyzed for the following parameters: titer, sialicacid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, pH, pO₂, pCO₂, ammonia,and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additional back-up sampleswere frozen at −20° C. To measure secreted humanized IgG antibodytiters, supernatant is taken from seed-stock cultures of all stable cellpools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISA and divided by the meannumber of cells to calculate the specific productivity. The highestvalues are the cell pools with the Ser132A CERT mutant, followed by wildtype CERT. In both, IgG expression is markedly enhanced compared tocarrier-alone or untransfected cells.

Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture

An antibody producing CHO cell line (CHO DG44) secreting humanized IgGantibody is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone(control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding wild type ceramidetransfer protein or a non-phosphorylation competent Ser132A CERT mutant.Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic deliveryagent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding density wasabout 2×10⁵ viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is deliveredafter initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growthphase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×10² and10×10³ per cell. The basal cell culture medium used for all phases ofcell inoculum generation and for growth of cultures in bioreactors wasmodified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, insulinand methotrexate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 with 1 N HClor 1N NaOH after addition of all components. Bioreactors of 5 L scale(glass reactor with one marine impeller) were used to obtain maximumCERT protein production and secreted humanized IgG antibody curves. Forcontinuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time is increased bysupplementing the culture medium one or more times daily (orcontinuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuous andfed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as acontinuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to theculture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as toachieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier inthe culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per daybolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on eachday of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the dayof harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batchsheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactorwith two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 Lstainless steel reactors. A data acquisition system (Intellution Fix 32)recorded temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout runs. Gasflows were controlled via rotameters. Air was sparged into the reactorvia a submerged frit (5 μm pore size) and through the reactor head spacefor CO₂ removal. Molecular oxygen was sparged through the same frit forDO control. CO₂ was sparged through same frit as used for pH control.Samples of cells were removed from the reactor on a daily basis. Asample used for cell counting was stained with trypan blue (Sigma, St.Louis, Mo.). Cell count and cell viability determination were performedvia hemocytometry using a microscope. For analysis of metabolites,additional samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm (4° C.)for cell separation. Supernatant was analyzed for the followingparameters: titer, sialic acid, glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate,pH, pO₂, pCO₂, ammonia, and, optionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).Additional back-up samples were frozen at −20° C. To measure secretedhumanized IgG antibody titers, supernatant is taken from seed-stockcultures of all stable cell pools, the IgG titer is determined by ELISAand divided by the mean number of cells to calculate the specificproductivity. The highest values are the cell pools with the Ser132ACERT mutant, followed by wild type CERT. In both, IgG expression ismarkedly enhanced compared to carrier-alone or untransfected cells.

Example 36. De Novo Generation of a Mammalian Cell Line Expressing HumanErythropoietin as a Therapeutic Agent

A. Batch Culture

This Example describes the production of human erythropoietin protein(EPO) from cultured primary CHO cells. Erythropoietin is a glycoproteinhormone that is required for red blood cell synthesis. EPO protein maybe used as a therapeutic agent for anemia from cancer, heart failure,chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia. Primary CHO cells areisolated and cultured as described (Tjio and Puck, 1958). Primary CHOcells were then expanded in modified CD-CHO medium containing glutamine,sodium bicarbonate, insulin, and methotrexate (see Example 35) usingT-75 flasks (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) and 250 and 500 mL spinners(Bellco, Vineland, N.J.). T-flasks and spinners were incubated at 37° C.in 6% CO₂. After sufficient inoculum was generated, the culture wastransferred into a either a 5 L or a 50 L bioreactor as described above(see Example 35). Synthetic mRNA transcript encoding the humanerythropoietin protein are pre-mixed with a lipid cationic deliveryagent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio in a minimum of 1% total culturevolume. The initial seeding density is about 2×10⁵ viable cells/mL. Thesynthetic mRNA transcript is delivered after initial culture seedingduring the exponential culture growth phase to achieve a final syntheticmRNA copy number between 10×10² and 10×10³ per cell. Culture growth andanalysis were performed as described above (see Example 34).

B. Continuous or Batch-Fed Culture

A primary CHO cell line derived and expanded as described above (seeExample 36a) is transfected with lipid cationic delivery agent alone(control) or a synthetic mRNA transcript encoding human erythropoietinprotein. Synthetic mRNA transcripts are pre-mixed with a lipid cationicdelivery agent at a 2-5:1 carrier:RNA ratio. The initial seeding densitywas about 2×10⁵ viable cells/mL. Synthetic mRNA transcript is deliveredafter initial culture seeding during the exponential culture growthphase to achieve a final synthetic mRNA copy number between 10×10² and10×10³ per cell. Culture conditions were as described above (Example35a). For continuous or fed-batch cultures, the culturing run time isincreased by supplementing the culture medium one or more times daily(or continuously) with fresh medium during the run. In the a continuousand fed-batch feeding regimens, the cultures receive feeding medium as acontinuously-supplied infusion, or other automated addition to theculture, in a timed, regulated, and/or programmed fashion so as toachieve and maintain the appropriate amount of synthetic mRNA:carrier inthe culture. The preferred method is a feeding regimen of a once per daybolus feed with feeding medium containing synthetic mRNA:carrier on eachday of the culture run, from the beginning of the culture run to the dayof harvesting the cells. The daily feed amount was recorded on batchsheets. Production-level 50 L scale reactors (stainless steel reactorwith two marine impellers) were used and are scalable to >10,000 Lstainless steel reactors. Culture growth and analysis were performed asdescribed herein (see Example 35).

It is to be understood that the words which have been used are words ofdescription rather than limitation, and that changes may be made withinthe purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scopeand spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.

While the present invention has been described at some length and withsome particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, itis not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars orembodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed withreferences to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possibleinterpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore,to effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, section headings, the materials, methods, andexamples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

We claim:
 1. A method of producing a polypeptide of interest in a cellin a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition comprising a modified messenger RNA (mmRNA)such that the mmRNA is introduced into the cell, wherein the mmRNAcomprises a translatable region encoding the polypeptide of interest andcomprises the modified nucleoside 1-methyl-pseudouridine, and whereinthe pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of themmRNA providing for increased polypeptide production and substantiallyreduced innate immune response in the cell, as compared to a compositioncomprising a corresponding unmodified mRNA.
 2. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising: a plurality of lipid nanoparticles comprising acationic lipid, a sterol, and a PEG-lipid, wherein the lipidnanoparticles comprise an mRNA encoding a polypeptide, wherein the mRNAcomprises one or more uridines, one or more cytidines, one or moreadenosines, and one or more guanosines and wherein substantially alluridines are modified uridines.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of lipid nanoparticles further comprise aphosphatidyl choline.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2,wherein the sterol is cholesterol.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of lipid nanoparticles has a mean lipidto polynucleotide ratio (wt/wt) of between 10 to 1 and 20 to
 1. 6. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the modified uridine ismodified on the major groove face of the uridine.
 7. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 2, wherein the modified uridine is a pyridine-4-oneribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-uridine,4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxy-uridine,3-methyl-uridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine,1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine,1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-uridine,1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine,1-taurino-4-thio-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine,4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,1-methyl-1deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine,dihydro-uridine, dihydro-pseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydro-uridine,2-thio-dihydro-pseudouridine, 2-methoxy-uridine,2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine,4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, or pseudouridine.
 8. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 2, wherein the modified uridine is pseudouridine or1-methyl-pseudouridine.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2,wherein the modified uridine is 1-methyl-pseudouridine.
 10. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the mRNA furthercomprises an operably-linked signal sequence.